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The Polyanthus: Primula

The primrose, polyanthus, oxlip, and cowslip are so nearly related that it is a difficult matter to define them nicely; but the definition is of little consequence to the lover of flowers, however important it may be to such as "allium call their onions and their leeks." Let us, however, be particular for a moment. There are three forms of Primula common in this country, and they are considered variations of one type, which, as remarked above, is called Primula veris. These three forms comprise the primrose (Primula (vulgaris), the oxlip (Primula elatior), and the cowslip (Primula veris). For all practical purposes we may regard these three forms as distinct species; and it will be seen that the polyanthus is the second of the series. The oxlip differs from the cowslip in having a shorter and stouter stem, and a broader and flatter corolla--qualities that commend it to the attention of the florist, who does not fail to note also that it is delightfully variable, and when well grown will continually reward him with new colours and distinctive markings. Thomson, in his "Spring," speaks of-- "The polyanthus of unnumber'd dyes."

In the Midsummer Night's Dream, Shakespeare makes special reference to the red spots that adorn the centre of the cowslip, in the merry song "The Fairy".