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Magazine Reference: Growth

An injury to the cambium layer of a plant caused by the heat of the sun's rays; also a burning of the leaves of certain plants. Suppressed Growth:

Growth in shaded areas that has been retarded because of a lack of sunlight.

Tamping:

The operation of making firm and solid all earth filled around roots of newly transplanted stock. It helps to eliminate unnecessary air spaces.

Tap-root:

A long central root running deep into the soil.

Tip-burn:

The condition of the edge of leaves of plants caused by too luxuriant growth followed by excessive heat and drought.

Topiary Work:

The cutting and trimming of shrubs and trees, especially evergreens, into odd or ornamental shapes, thus producing an effect entirely different from that produced by the natural growing habits of the plant. (Birds, vases, urns, etc.) Top-dressing:

A thin layer of manure spread over the surface of the ground, no at tempt being made to work it into the soil.

Top-pruning:

The pruning of the top of a plant, especially the removal of the leader, to cause the plant to spread over a wider area and attain less height. Sometimes called "topping."

Topsoil:

A term applied to that part of the earth's surface which is tilled and consists of a soil ranging from a sandy loam to a clayey loam, containing the chief elements necessary to support vegetation, in a condition readily made available as plant food, and containing sufficient moisture to support plant life. Usually consisting of the top layer of virgin soil (four inches to eighteen inches deep).

Is the result of the action of heat, frost, air, cultivation, surface or rain water, soil bacteria, etc. It is of finer particles than the subsoil, darker in colour, and looser in texture, and is rich in organic matter. A good topsoil, thoroughly dried, should contain 30 to 40 per cent. voids, when well shaken down in a box; that is 30 to 40 per cent. of its own volume of water should fill it to saturation but not increase the volume of the soil. It should contain from 40 to 60 per cent. of this amount of water to properly support plant life. Training:

A procedure consisting principally of judicious pruning to adapt plants to limited areas or to form particular shapes, also to encourage the formation of flowers and fruit.

Transpiration:

The giving off of water vapour through the leaf pores of the plant. Transplanting: