Class V
PENTANDRIA. 5 STAMENS.
ONE of the most extensive of the Linnæan classes, and containing about a fifth part of all phænogamous plants. It includes the whole of the Boragineæ or Asperifoliæ, Asclepiadeæ, Apocyneæ, and Umbelliferæ, nearly all Primulaceæ, and portions of a great variety of other natural orders, among which many are ornamental, and others valuable on account of their relation to medicine and the arts.
The Boragineæ are, in many instances, ornamental plants; a few, such as Anchusa tinctoria are applied to economical purposes; but the principal part are weeds of northern latitudes. They have been recently described and re-arranged in a scientific manner by M.
Lehmann, whose Monographia Asperifoliarum should have a place in every botanical library.
The curious genus Stapelia is a part of the Asclepiadeæ, which order was in so unsettled and confused a state as to be a reproach to the science until it was remodelled by Mr. Brown, who first determined the just limits of to be a reproach to the science until it was remodelled by Mr. Brown, who first determined the just limits of its genera. The Apocyneæ contain, among some poisonous plants, such as Echites venenata, the Oleander remarkable for the beauty of its flowers, and the Cream fruit and Picimmons of Sierra Leone, which are said to be excellent fruit-trees.
Umbelliferous plants contain numerous species, some of which, like the Cicuta virosa, Conium maculatum, &c. are dangerous poisons, and others which are useful to mankind either as luxuries or necessaries. The seeds of dangerous poisons, and others which are useful to mankind either as luxuries or necessaries. The seeds of caraway, coriander, &c. are commonly used by the confectioner, of dill and anise by the distiller; the blanched stems of celery and sweet fennel, and the roots and leaves of many others are among the best of British vegetables. The gum galbanum of the shops is said to be the produce of a plant of this tribe. Great difficulty exists in ascertaining upon what principles the genera should be divided. Linnæus, contrary to his usual practice, attempted to derive their characters from the absence or presence of the involucrum; Hoffman, Link, and Sprengel from peculiarities in the fruit, it peculiarities in the fruit, or, as it is familiarly called, in the seeds. The characters of Sprengel, who has, as it were, grown old in the study of Umbelliferæ, are certainly deserving of attention; but botanists are much divided in opinion upon their merits; and, it is to be feared, that notwithstanding the labours of the learned men who have directed their study particularly to the consideration of the order, little real progress has been made in its final arrangement. In this work the arrangement of Sir James Smith has been adopted, as being the most simple of all that has been published, and the most easy of application.
The plants belonging to Primulaceæ are beautiful border-flowers, or pretty alpine plants. In the same artiof ficial section with these, are found the elegant families of Convolvulus and Ipomæa, one or several species section with these, are found the elegant families of Convolvulus and Ipomæa, one or several species of which produce the jalap of the shops; the various kinds of Epacris, which in New Holland rival the heaths of Southern Africa, and the splendid genus Azalea.
Other sections include the teak wood of the East Indies; the Sapodilla plum, and the Star apple, fine fruits has of the West Indies; solanum, well digested by Dunal; the Jesuit's bark (Cinchona), of which no species of the West Indies; solanum, well digested by Dunal; the Jesuit's bark (Cinchona), of which no species has yet been brought alive to Europe; the coffee tree, and many others.
Pentandria Digynia contains little beyond the Asclepiadeæ and Umbelliferæ, already mentioned. The Sumack, Guelder Rose, and Elder are contained in Trigynia; in Tetragynia the paradoxical and curious Parnassia; in Pentagynia, Crassula, Linum, and Statice, all ornamental genera; and a few obscure weeds make up the last order, Polygynia.
ORDER III.
TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. 1850 Stem erect pubescent, Flowers alternate apetalous 1851 Stems erect divaricating smooth, Leaves obtuse blunt, Petals obsolete 1852 Stem erect about 1-flowered, Sepals acute, Petals entire 1853 Procumbent, Flowers trifid 1854 The only species 1848 1849 1852 1853 1847 1850 1854 1851 and Miscellaneous Particulars. 320. Tillea. From Mich. Ang. Tilli, an Italian, born in 1653, died in 1740. He was a foreign member of the Royal Society of London, and published a Catalogus Horti Pisani, in one volume, folio. 321. Radiola. A diminution of radius. A little insignificant weed, formerly referred to the same genus with common flax.
Order 1. MONOGYNIA. 5 Stamens. 1 Style. 1. Flowers monopetalous, inferior. Seed 1, naked. 322. Mirabilis. Nut below the corolla, which is funnel-shaped. Stigma globose, a little warted. 323. Abroma. Cor. funnel-shaped, with cordate segments, above the germen contracted, at the orifice inflated. Stigma simple. 324. Plumbago. Seed 1. Stamens inserted into the valves. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma 5-cleft. 2. Flowers monopetalous, inferior. Seeds 2 or more, naked. 325. Heliotropium. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. hypocrateriform, orifice without teeth, limb 5-cleft, sinuses plaited, simple, or toothed. Stamens included. Stigma peltate. Nuts 4, cohering without a common receptacle. 326. Myosotis. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. hypocrateriform, closed with scales. Limb 5-parted, obtuse. Stamens included. Anthers peltate. Stigma capitate. Nuts 4, distinct, perforated at the base. 327. Echinospermum. Cal. cor. and other parts as in Myosotis. Nuts united to a central column, prickly, compressed, closed at the base. 328. Mattia. Cal. 5-parted, spreading. Cor. tubular, funnel-shaped at the orifice with 5 scales as long as the tube. Anthers sagittate, conniving, exserted. Style longer than stamens. Stigma simple. Seeds winged. 329. Tiaridium. Cor. hypocrateriform, with an angular tube, the orifice contracted with 5 rays. Style very short. Stigma capitate. Nuts 4, 2-celled, mitre-formed, cohering, closed at base. No common receptacle. 330. Lithos Lithospermum. Cal. 5-parted, persistent. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a half 5-cleft obtuse limb, and an open orifice. Anthers included. Stigma obtuse, bifid. Seeds 4, hard, smooth, closed at the base. 331. Batschia. Cal. deeply 5-parted. Cor. hypocrateriform, with a hairy ring at the base inside, an open orifice, and rounded segments. Stigma emarginate. Seeds hard, shining. 332. Onosma. Cal. 5-parted, erect. Cor. campanulate, funnel-shaped, with a ventricose tubular 5-toothed limb, and an open orifice. Anthers sagittate, connected at base by their lobes. Stigma obtuse. Seeds ovate, shining, stony, closed at base. 333. Anchusa. Cal. 5-cleft, persistent. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a half 5-cleft spreading limb, orifice closed with 5 prominent scales. Anthers included. Stigma emarginate. Seeds gibbous, with a sculptured surface. 334. Symphytum. Cal. 5-parted, acute. Cor. cylindrical, campanulate, with a short tube and a tubular inflated limb, orifice with 5 subulate rays conniving into a cone. Stigma simple. Seeds gibbous, not pierced at base. 335. Onosmodium. Cal. deeply 5-parted. Cor. oblong, campanulate, with a ventricose halt 5-cleft limb, the edges of which are inflated, orifice open. Anthers sagittate, included. 336. Cynoglossum. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. short, funnel-shaped, with a 5-parted obtuse limb; orifice closed by scales. Stamens included. Stigma capitate. Nuts depressed, attached to a central column. 337. Omphalodes. Cal. deeply 5-parted. Cor. rotate, shorter than the tube of the calyx, with 5 short scales crossing over the anthers, which are inserted into the base of the tube. Style short. Stigma thick. Seeds urceolate, toothed at the edge. 338. Pulmonaria. Cal. prismatic, 5-cornered, 5-toothed. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a cylindrical tube, open orifice, and obtuse 5-lobed limb. Stigma obtuse. Seeds 4, obtuse, rounded. 339. Cerinthe. Cor. tubular, ventricose. Nuts 2, each 2-celled, open at the base. 340. Borago. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, with acute segments; orifice crowned. Filaments conniving. Seeds rounded, closed at base, rugose, inserted lengthways into an excavated receptacle. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
CLASS V. 341. Trichodesma. Cor. rotate, with a naked orifice and subulate segments. Stamens exserted. Anthers villous at back. Nuts half immersed in the 4-winged column. at back. Nuts half immersed in the 4-winged column. 342. Asperugo. Cal. 5-parted, irregular. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a short tube, orifice closed by convex scales. Stigma obtuse. Seeds oblong, compressed, not perforated. . Stigma obtuse. Seeds oblong, compressed, not perforated. 343. Nonea. Cal. at length inflated. Cor. funnel-form, with a 5-cleft short limb, and straight naked tube. Stamens included. Orifice nearly open. Seeds 4, with parallel streaks. 344. Lycopsis. Cor. funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, with a covered tube and obtuse limb. Scales at the orifice. Stigma emarginate. Nuts hollowed at base. 345. Echium. Cal. 5-parted, subulate. Cor. campanulate with unequal obtuse segments, the 2 upper the longest; orifice open. Filaments unequal, declinate. Stigma obtuse. Seeds roundish, warted, not open at base. 346. Tournefortia. Berry 2-celled, cells 2-seeded, perforated at end. Cor. hypocrateriform or rotate, naked at the orifice. 347. Nolana. Cal. turbinate. Cor. campanulate, plaited. Nuts 5, 2 or 4-celled. 3. Flowers monopetalous, inferior. Seeds in a capsule or dry drupe. (Vestia, which has a berry, is an exception, but is placed here on account of its relation to other genera.) 348. Aretia. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla hypocrateriform, contracted at the orifice. Stigma globose. 349. Androsace. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla hypocrateriform, contracted at the orifice. Stigma globose. 350. Primula. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped, pervious at the orifice. Stigma globose. 351. Cortusa. Caps. 1-celled, oblong. Corolla rotate. Stigma somewhat capitate. 352. Soldanella. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla torn. Stigma simple. 353. Dodecatheon. Caps. 1-celled, oblong. Corolla reflexed. Stigma obtuse. 354. Cyclamen. Caps. 1-celled, pulpy within. Corolla reflexed. Stigma acute. 355. Hottonia. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla with the tube below the stamens. Stigma globose. 356. Lysimachia. Caps. 1-celled, 10-valved. Corolla rotate. Stigma obtuse. 357. Anagallis. Caps. 1-celled, cut round. Corolla rotate. Stigma capitate. 358. Diapensia. Caps. 3-celled. Corolla hypocrateriform. Cal. 8-leaved. 359. Pyxidanthera. Cal. deeply 5-parted. Cor. campanulate, much shorter than the tube of calyx, segments 5, spatulate. Anthers with an appendage at their base. Style thick. Stigmas 3. 360. Coris. Caps. 1-celled, 5-valved. Corolla irregular. Stigma capitate. 361. Galax. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Corolla hypocrateriform. Stigma roundish. 362. Menyanthes. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla villous spreading. Stigma bifid. Cal. 5-parted. 363. Villarsia. Caps. many-seeded, 2-valved. Cor. rotate, limb spreading, 5-parted, flat, bearded or scaly at the base. Glands 5, hypogynous. 364. Chironia. Caps. ovate, seeds numerous small. Cal. 5-parted erect. Cor. equal, with a 5-parted limb of ovate equal segments. Filaments from mouth of tube. Anthers, after bursting, spiral. Style declinate. 5-parted erect. Cor. equal, with a 5-parted limb of 365. Eustoma. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Tube of cor. funnel-shaped, contracted. Filam. short, regular, inserted about the middle of the tube. Stigma large, deeply 2-lobed. Seeds scurfy. 366. Erythræa. Caps. linear. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a short limb withering. Anthers, after bursting, spiral. Stigmas 2. 367. Sabbatia. Cor. with an urceolate tube, and limb 5-12-parted. Stigmas 2-parted, with spiral divisions. Anthers at length revolute. 368. Logania. Caps. 2-parted. Cor. subcampanulate, with a villous throat, and 5-parted limb. Stigma clavate . 369. Phlox. Caps. 3-celled. Corolla hypocrateriform, with a curved tube. Stigma trifid. 370. Polemonium. Caps. 3-celled. Corolla 5-parted. Stamens placed on the valves. 371. Vestia. Berry. Cor. funnel-shaped, 5-parted, with a hairy throat. Stamens exserted. Stigma nearly entire. 372. Hydrophyllum. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Corolla with 5 nectaries. Stigma bifid. 373. Phacelia. Caps. 2-valved, 4-seeded. Cal. persistent. Cor. campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 furrows inside the base. Stam. exserted. Style short. Stigmas 2, long. 374. Ramondia. Caps. 2-valved, valves bent in at edge, septiferous. Cor. rotate, rather unequal. Stamens approximated, perforated at end. Stigma round. 375. Verbascum. Caps. 2-celled. Corolla rotate. Stigma obtuse. Stamens declinate. 376. Datura. Caps. 2-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel-shaped. Calyx deciduous. 377. Brugmansia. Caps. unarmed. Cal. bursting at side, persistent. Cor. funnel-shaped. Anthers glued together. Stigma or line running down each side of style. 378. Lisianthus. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded. Corolla funnel-shaped, ventricose. Style persistent. 379. Spigelia. Caps. 2-celled, double. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma simple. 380. Nicandra. Berry without juice, 3-5-celled, covered by the calyx, which is inflated. Cor. campanulate. Stamens incurved, distant. 381. Hyoscyamus. Caps. 2-celled, with a lid. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma capitate. 382. Nicotiana. Caps. 2-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma emarginate. 383. Ipomæa. Caps. 3-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma capitate. 384. Convolvulus. Caps. 2-celled, 2-seeded. Cor. campanulate. Stigma 2-cleft. 385. Argyreia. Berry rounded, juiceless, 4-celled. Cal. colored, persistent, the outer sepals largest. Cor. 5-parted, with a short thick tube surrounding the nectary. Stamens in the mouth of tube thickened, at base hairy. Anthers sagittate. 386. Nemophila. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas, each bearing 2 distant ovules. Capsule 1-celled, with fleshy placentas fixed to a longitudinal dorsal axis, otherwise loose, bearing the seeds on their inner surface. 387. Calystegia. Ovary half 2-celled, 4-seeded. Cal. 5-parted, inclosed in two leafy bractes. Cor. campanulate, 5-plaited. Stamens nearly equal, shorter than the limb. Stigmas 2, obtuse. 388. Cobæa. Caps. obovate, 3-5-celled, 3-5-valved. Seeds imbricated, edged. Cal. 5-cleft, campanulate, 5-cornered, winged. Cor. campanulate, with 5 blunt lobes. Stamens declinate, filaments spiral. 389. Cantua. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds winged. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma trifid. 390. Hoitzia. Caps. of Cantua. Seeds not edged. Cal. double, inner 1-leaved, tubular, outer of 4-8 leaves.