Crm Hook
ex. fl. 23 538 quadrifólium W. four-leaved cu jn.jl Ap S. Amer. 1818.
Cr.m Hook. ex. fl. 22 539 inæqualifólium unequal-leav'd or 1 jl.au Ap Peru 1800.
Cr.m Fl. per. 1. t. 46. a 540 stellátum P. S. starry cu 1 my.jl Ap Jamaica 1802. 541 incánum Haw. great-downy cu 1 f Ap Brazil 1815.
Cr.m Jac. vind. 2. t.217 Cr.m Bot. cab. 503 542 subrotúndum Haw, sm. clusia-lvd. cu 1 f Ap ... 1812.
Cr.m 543 rubéllum Haw. red cu mr.ap Ap W. Indies 1820.
Cr.m Hook. ex. fl. 58 500 503 507 508 497 502 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 506 76. Anthoxanthum. From avθoς, a flower, and ξavθoς, yellow, the spikes being yellow. This grass has the valves of the calyx sprinkled over with minute yellow dots, similar to those of black-currant berries hence, possibly, the calyx sprinkled over with minute yellow dots, similar to those of black-currant berries; hence, possibly, its peculiar scent. It is this grass which gives the peculiar smell to meadow-hay; that made from ray-grass or other sown-grasses having no such odour. It is one of the earliest flowering grasses, grows on any soil, but prefers one moderately dry. Stillingfleet recommends its being sown with a view to improve the flavor of mutton.
But its seeds are collected with so much difficulty that they are too costly to be sown in any great quantity. 77. Piper. Undoubtedly from pippul, the Bengalese name of the long-pepper, notwithstanding the learned derivations of authors from πεπτo, πiπερi, to digest. The plants of this genus are mostly succulent, perennial, herbaceous, or frutescent; often scandent as in that species which furnishes the pepper of commerce dichotomous and jointed. P. nigrum furnishes the pepper of commerce. It grows wild in the East Indies, and in Cochin China, and is cultivated in Malacca, Java, and especially in Sumatra . The pepper or seed is distinguished in the shops as black or white; the former is the dried berry in its natural state; the latter, the berry deprived of its skin, by steeping about a fortnight in water, and then drying in the sun. Black pepper is the hottest and strongest. As a spice, pepper differs from most others by its pungency residing not in the volatile parts or essential oil, but in a fixed substance, which does not rise in the heat of boiling water. The culture of the plant in the pepper farms of the East very much resembles that of the hop in England. Holes are made in prepared ground at from six to twelve feet a-part every way; in these from two to six cuttings of the pepper vines are ORDER III..
DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
DIGYNIA. 497 Spike ovate oblong, Flowers on short stalks longer than the beard spreading, Outer glumes ciliated 498 Panicle spike-shaped sub-lanceolate, Leaves smooth glaucous green, Nect. adnate to the seed, Cor. loose 499 Spike ovate dense, Sheaths smooth, Leaves ciliated TRIGYNIA.
Shrubby. 500 Leaves broad-lanceolate pointed coriaceous, Berries stalked 501 Lvs. elliptic lanc. attenuated very smooth dotted shining above at the base unequal, Spikes recurved at tips 502 Leaves ovate oblong or elliptic acuminate unequal at the base rough on each side, Spikes axillary uncinate 503 Leaves ovate oblong many-nerved acuminate smooth unequal at base, Leaf stalks margined, Joints equal 504 Leaves elliptic oblong acuminate many-nerved unequal at the base, Joints knotty 505 Branches round hairy, Leaves ovate oblong above rough: veins beneath and stalks hispid 506 Leaves ovate oblong 5-nerved rugose on each side smooth equal at the base 507 Leaves ovate attenuated 7-nerved, Stalks 2-toothed 508 Leaves broad ovate acuminate 7-nerved coriaceous smooth, Joints knotted 509 Leaves broad cordate 5-nerved at the base unequal, beneath discoloured, Spikes lax with remote flowers 510 Leaves cordate acuminate 5-9-nerved very smooth equal to the leaf stalks 511 Leaves cordate acuminate 9-11-nerved veiny rather villous, Leaf stalks partly winged 512 Leaves cordate oblong acuminate about 7-nerved unequal at the base 513 Lower leaves cordate stalked 7-nerved: upper cordate oblong sessile 5-nerved 514 Leaves peltate round cordate many-nerved obtuse sub-repand, Spikes in umbels 515 Leaves roundish cordate acute many-nerved, Nerves and stalks villous, Spikes in umbels 516 Leaves lanceolate ovate nerved, Spikes short 517 Leaves ovate lanceolate tomentose, Stem arborescent 518 Leaves ovate lanceolate acuminate smooth 3-nerved 519 Leaves lanceolate ovate rugose, Nerves alternate Stem fleshy. 520 Leaves ovate acute obsoletely 3-nerv. rather folded together at the base, Stalks ciliated, Spikes term. solitary 521 Leaves stem-clasping broad lanceolate narrowed downwards many-nerved, Stem simple erect 522 Leaves obovate very obtuse, Flower-stalks terminal branched, Stem and branches rooting 523 Leaves obovate nearly retuse edged with red, Spike terminal solitary, Stem decumbent rooting 524 Leaves wedge-shaped about 7-nerved, Spikes terminal conjugate, Stem rooting nearly erect 526 525 Leaves oblong lanceolate attenuated 5-nerved, Spikes axillary, solitary, the terminal in pairs, Stem winged terminal 2 or 3 together, Stem nearly erect 527 Leaves ovate acuminate 5-nerved, Spikes conjugate erect, Stem branching rooting 528 Leaves peltate cordate ovate acute, Stem creeping 529 Leaves cordate acute, Spikes lateral and terminal, Stem procumbent 530 Leaves oblong nerveless opposite spikes axillary solitary, Stem pubescent upright 531 Leaves oblong acute nerveless opposite with the erect stem villous 532 Leaves ternate roundish, Stem creeping 533 Leaves 4 together sub-sessile oblong nerveless, Spikes terminal, Stem erect 534 Leaves 3 and 4 together oblong 3-nerved smooth coriaceous, Spikes terminal solitary 535 Leaves 3 and 4 together elliptic lanceolate 3nerved with the upright stems villous 536 St. erect round smth. Lvs.4-6 togeth. ses. lanc. atten. at base 3-nerv. very smth. Sp. ter. very long sol. or double 537 Leaves 3 and 4 together roundish rhomboidal stalked 3-nerved pubescent, Branches erect 538 Leaves 4 together wedge-shaped emarginate sub-sessile, Spikes solitary, Stem erect 539 Very fragrant, Leaves 4, 5, and 6 together sub-sessile reflexed sub-emarginate, Spikes terminal about 4 540 Leaves 3 and 5 together oblong acuminate 3-nerved smooth, Stem erect 541 Hoary with down, Leaves alternate thick round-ovate with a small blunt point, very cordate at the base 542 Leaves obovate rounded stalked very thick green naked 543 Leaves about 4 together roundish convex beneath and coloured, Spikes terminal and axillary sub-solitary 511 537 512 522 525 541 and Miscellaneous Particulars. planted, and afterwards staked with any rough barked wood, on which the plants climb and attach themselves much in the manner of our five-leaved ivy ( Ampelopsis). In Sumatra, Marsden informs us (Hist. 107.), a tree called the chinkareen is planted for the support of the pepper plant, as the common maple and flowering ash is for the vine in Italy. The shoots bear in the third year; the flowers appear in June, and the berries are ripe, and of a blood-red in September. The shoots are then cut down to the ground, and the berries gathered, dried in the sun, and sorted. In three or four years more the shoots have attained full growth, and another crop is ready. P. amalago, longum, and various other species afford berries differing very little in quality from those of P nigrum, and sometimes mixed with, or substituted for them. nigrum, and sometimes mixed with, or substituted for them.
P. betle affords the betel leaf of the southern Asiatics, which serves to enclose a few slices of the areca nut (thence commonly called the betle-nut), and a little shell lime. This, the inhabitants of those countries (thence commonly called the betle-nut), and a little shell lime. This, the inhabitants of those countries chew to sweeten the breath, strengthen the stomach, and ward off the calls of hunger, as the European working classes do tobacco. It is deemed the extreme of unpoliteness in the east to speak to a superior without a quid of betel in the mouth. The teeth of the men in Malabar are ruined by it; but the women preserve theirs to Such is the consumption of betel in the east, that it occasions a branch of commerce nearly as extensive as that of tobacco in the west.
All the species of pepper introduced in our stoves grow freely in loam and peat, require but little water, and are readily propagated by cuttings. gs TRIANDRIA.
CLASS III.
CLASS III. - TRIANDRIA. 3 STAMENS.
THIS class, which is larger than the two preceding, contains most of the genera of three considerable and very natural orders, the Irideæ, Cyperaceæ, and Gramineæ. The first are chiefly bulbous-rooted sword-leaved plants, with brilliant but transient flowers; the second, sedgy grass-like plants, more curious than useful; and the third, the proper grasses, an order which contributes more extensively and effectually to the support of man and domestic animals than any other, and, unless we except Lolium temulentum, containing no poisonous plant. The genera of the grasses, Sir J. E. Smith observes, are not easily defined. Schreber and Dr. Host among the Germans, and Stillingfleet and Curtis, and more recently, Mr. R. Brown, in this country, have paid much attention to the order but it is among the French that the greatest improvements have been made in the arrangement and distribution of the genera. The principal graminologists_in that country have been Messrs. Desvaux, Palisot de Beauvois, and Kunth, each of whom has divided the Linnæan genera into many others ; the greater part of which have been admitted by other botanists, and are consequently adopted here. It must, however, be confessed, that if much has been done in remodelling the grasses, yet more remains to be effected and that much more perspicuity and clearness of definition will be required before their arrangement can be said even to approach perfection. In describing the essential characters, the phraseology of the continental botanists has been adopted. This not being very familiar to readers in this country, the following explanation of terms may be useful.
The parts here called Glumæ are the Calyx of Linnæus. Paleæ Scale Corolla. . Nectary.
The terms calyx and corolla applied to the floral envelopes of grasses are improper, as they are not analogous to those organs in other plants, but are rather to be considered as a form of Bracteæ, as are also the inner scales, called Nectarium by Linnæus. It has been considered by some writers, proper to place all the grasses in Triandria, without reference to the number of their stamens but this is manifestly improper, as the whole merit of the artificial system depends upon its principles being closely followed: The grasses not in this class are to be found in Monandria, Diandria, Hexandria, and Polygamia. The grasses, in an ceconominal point of , and Polygamia. The grasses, in an econominal point of view, have been scientifically experimented on by Sir H. Davy, and Mr. Sinclair, the duke of Bedford's gardener at Woburn. Galaxia and Ferraria, which Persoon has placed in this class, we have, with Willdenow, placed in Monadelphia. Tigridia will also be found there. The following plants are Triandrous, but as they belong to very natural genera, botanists have deemed it better not to separate them. MONOGYNIA. Narcissus triandrus. Juncus conglomeratus and effusus. Rivina brasiliensis, and some species of Amaranthus, &c. Galium trifidum, some Asperulas, Melothria, Laurus triandra, Fagara spinosa and acuminata, Hirtella triandra, Tradescantia multiflora. DIGYNIA. Tripsacum hermaphroditum, some species of Ehrharta, &c. TRIGYNIA. Tillæa muscosa, Elatine triandra, Stellaria media, some species of Xanthoxylum, Triplaris Stellaria media, some species of Xanthoxylum, Triplaris americana, &c.
Order 1. MONOGYNIA, 3 Stamens. 1 Style. 1. Flowers with Calyx and Corolla distinct; or with a trifid Corolla only. 78. Valeriana. Cal. very small, finally enlarged into a feathery pappus. Corolla monopetalous, 5-lobed, regular, gibbous at the base. Capsule 1-celled. 79. Patrinia: Cal. very small, finally enlarged into an irregularly and obsoletely toothed rim. Corolla monopetalous, 5-lobed, regular, gibbous at the base. Capsule 3-celled, supported on one side by an oval membranous bractea. Stamens variable. (3 or 5.) sule 3-celled. 80. Valerianella. Cal. very small, finally becoming a straight rim. Cor. monopetalous 5-fid, regular. Cap- 81. Calymenia. Cal. 5-fid campanulate. Cor. funnel-shaped. Nut 1-seeded, surrounded by the enlarged calyx. 82. Læflingia. Cal. 5-leaved, the leaves 2-toothed at the base. connivent. Stigma 3-ple. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved , many-seeded .