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Order Lxxxviii

CALYCEREÆ.

Obscure weedy South American plants, differing from Compositæ, chiefly in the position of their ovula. 1842 Acicárpa Juss.

ORDER LXXXIX. COMPOSITE.

A most extensive and natural order, obviously characterized by the cohesion of their antheræ, and the arrangement of their florets in involucrated heads, or calathidia, as they are now called. Most of them may be said to be ornamental plants, and yet but a very few hold that station in the opinion of the public. It is yet but a very few hold that station in the opinion of the public. It is difficult to account for this circumstance, nor is this the place to enter upon such an investigation certain, , nor is this the place to enter upon such an investigation; certain , however, it is, that with the exception of Dáhlias, the varieties of Chrysánthemum sinénse, and a few Calénexception of Dahlias, the varieties of Chrysanthemum sinense, and a few Caléndulas and Arctótises, and perhaps Tagétes, scarcely a single Composita now finds a place in a fashionable flower garden. The prevailing color of the flower in the order is yellow; red, purple, or scarlet, being comparatively uncommon. The species inhabit every part of the world, and in all, perhaps, in nearly equal proportions:-in Europe and the north of the world they are chiefly herbaceous; but within the tropics, they are more frequently frutescent. Their medical properties are very important; Tussilágo fárfara, Chamomile, Their medical properties are very important; Tussilago fárfara, Chamomile, I'nula, Solidágo Virgaúrea, Matricária Parthénium, Stévia febrifúga, and Eupatórium perfoliàtum, are Parthenium, Stévia febrifúga, and Eupatorium perfoliatum, are instances of the presence of tonic and febrifugal properties; Tanacétum and Santolína are anthelmintic; Matricária and the Achilléas emmenagogue some Eupatóriums, Achilléas, Artemísias, and Caléndulas, are sudorific ; some Eupatoriums, Achilléas, Artemisias, and Caléndulas, are sudorific ; certain Liátrises are diuretic, and Erígeron philadélphicum is both sudorific and diuretic. Ptármica and Erigeron philadelphicum is both sudorific and diuretic. Ptármica and A'rnica are sternutatory, and Spilanthes , Siegesbéckia orientális, A'nthemis pyrethrum, and others, powerfully excite salivation; finally, many Achilléas, Chamomile, Tanacétum, and Eupatóriums, are tonic and inany Achilleas, Chamomile, Tanacétum, and Eupatoriums, are tonic and antispasmodic. Others seem to possess all these properties combined, and are reckoned among the best alexiterics, as the Ayapana of Brazil, and the Guaco of Peru. Every one knows the excellent and refreshing flavor communicated to vinegar by Tarragon the same effects are produced in the Alps by Achilléa nána, Artemísia glaciális, rupéstris, and spicáta. Some species of Achilléa, Béllis, and Artemísia have been used as . Some species of Achilléa, Béllis, and Artemisia have been used as substitutes for tea. The seeds of many Compositæ, as Mádia and Verbesína, yield a copious oil and the fleshy roots of Helianthus tuberósus, a wholesome food for man. The juice of Lactúca virósa is highly narcotic, and has been even employed with extraordinary advantage as a substitute for opium. It is not necessary to mention the utility of the leaves of the lettuce, the endive, the succory, the cardoon, or the roots of Scorzonéra and Salsafis, as culinary productions; they must be familiar to all our readers as also the fleshy receptacle of the artichoke and some other plants. The flowers of Echínops strigósus are used as a kind of tinder those plants. The flowers of Echinops strigósus are used as a kind of tinder; those NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. of the artichoke, the cardoon, and others, have the power of curdling milk. The arrangement of Compositæ is attended with extreme difficulty; the greatest progress that has yet been made in reducing them to order has been with M. Cassini, by whom they are called Synanthereæ: but unfortunately, the remarks of that learned botanist are so scattered and unconnected, that the public has hitherto been able to derive little benefit from his labors. His general arrangement is here adopted , but for the reasons now given, his genera have not been enquired after, as, until they shall have been more completely systematized, the adoption of them would necessarily be full of errors, which would only add to the confusion that already too extensively exists. Those who wish to make themselves masters of this very consult wish to make themselves masters of this very interesting and difficult branch of systematic botany, should Mr. Brown's elaborate essay on the structure of Compositæ, in the Transactions of the Linnean Society. SUBORDER I. INULEÆ. 1767 Relhánia W. 1848 Cassínia H. K. 1765 Leyséra W. 1681 Ammóbium R. Br. 1747 Podolépis H. K. 1725 Antennária R. Br. 1844 Œdéra W. 1764 Longchampsia W. 1713 Ixódia H. K. 1726 Metalásia R. Br. 1723 Leontopódium R. Br. 1728 Athríxia Ker 1722 Gnaphalium W. 1727 Astélma R. Br. 1846 Stœ'be W. 1730 Elichrysum W. 1838 Filágo L. 1724 E'vax Lam. 1734 Conýza W. 1839 Micrópus W. 1731 Carpésium W. 1785 Columéllia Jac. 1710 Neurolæ'na R. Br.

Tribe 1. ARCHETYPE. 1744 I'nula W. 1745 Pulicária Gært.

Tribe 2. BUPHTHALMEÆ. 1797 Buphthalmum W. 1659 Scólymus W. 1623 Arnopógon W. 1639 Helmínthia J. 1634 Pícris W. 1651 Lapsána W. 1630 Prenánthes W. 1635 Hierácium L. 1647 Robértia Rich. 1648 Seríola W. 1650 Hypochæ'ris W. 1620 Geropógon W. 1849 Sphæránthus W.

SUBORDER II. LACTUCEÆ.

Tribe 3. PROTOTYPE. 1626 Picrídium P. S. 1627 Sónchus W.

Tribe 4. CREPIDEE. 1653 Rhagadíolus W. 1629 Chondrilla W. 1632 Apárgia W. 1628 Lactúca W. 1652 Zacíntha W. 1637 Borkhaúsia Dec. 1636 Lagóseris Lk.

Tribe 5. HIERACIEE. 1641 Tólpis W. 1644 Krígia W.

Tribe 6. 1621 Tragopógon W. 1633 Thríncia W. 1631 Leóntodon W. 1649 Soldevilla Lag. 1654 Moscária Fl. per.

SCORZONEREE. 1624 Podospermum Dec. 1625 Scorzonera W. 1622 Tróximon Gært. 1645 Hyóseris W. 1646 Hedýpnois W.

SUBORDER III. ADENOSTYLEÆ. 1678 Palafóxia Lag.

SUBORDER IV. EUPATORIEÆ.

Tribe 7. AGERATEE. 1638 Crépis W. 1640 Myóseris Lk. 1643 Róthia W. 1642 Andrýala W. 1655 Catanánche W. 1657 Cichorium W. 1689 Stévia W. 1688 Cælestína Cass. 1704 Piquéria W. 1687 Agératum W. 1700 Lavénia W.

Tribe 8. ARCHETYPE. 1683 Mikánia W. 1685 Eupatórium W. 1721 Artemisia W. 1711 Húmea Sm. 1835 Solíva Fl. per. 1834 Híppia W.

Tribe 9. LIATRIDEJE. 1682 Liátris W.

SUBORDER V. AMBROSIEÆ.

Tribe 10. IVEÆ. 1841 I'va W.

Tribe 11. ARCHETYPE. 1974 Xánthium 1977 Ambrósia