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Turn (Fuci t Fucus Stackh fuci t) (II)

fuci, t. 159. Fucus Stackh. fuci,t.11. Fucus 15344 15345 15342 15347 15348 15349 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 2326. Lichina. So called in allusion to its supposed convertibility into some one of the Lichen tribe. Sir James Smith has made one species a Lichen and the other a Fucus. 2327. Furcellaria. Named on account of the dichotomous forked or furcellate arrangement of the fronds. 2328. Fucus. So called by the Greeks. In Latin, the word signifies paint of any kind; a pigment staining red is afforded by certain species of Fucus. Fucus vesiculosus is much employed in the manufacture of kelp. It is common in great variety upon all the sea-coasts of these islands. It is known at first sight by its spherical vesicles filled with air. When the plant is dried, it becomes brittle, and of a dull black color, and sometimes it is covered with a saline efflorescence. Medically it is considered deobstruent, and has been found efficacious in scrofulous swellings. (Thom. Lond. Disp. 308.) ORD. VII. TRIBE VI.

ALGÆ FUCOIDEÆ. 15347 Frond flat with spherical tubercles 15348 Frond roundish with elliptical tubercles 15349 The only species 15350 Stem compressed here and there inflated with internal vesicles, Receptacles lateral distic. stalk. pyriform 15351 Frond flat ribbed lin. dichotom. entire, Vesicles spherical innate upon frond in pairs, Recept. term. elliptical 15352 Frond lin. costate ent. somew. dichotom. without vesicles, Lateral segm. narrowest multif. fruit-bearing 15353 Frond linear entire dichotomous without vesicles ribbed, Receptacles linear-elliptical 15354 Frond dichotomous ribbed serrated, Recept. solitary flat serrated 15355 Frond linear nerveless channelled dichotomous, Recept. terminal 15356 Frond filiform somewhat dichotomous, Recept. terminal cylindrical 15357 Cup radic. circular plano-convex emitt. from its centre a frond terminat. in a very long dichotom. recept. 15358 Lvs. densely spiny all over, Vesic. ellipt. somew. term. crown. solit. Recept. warty from inflat. base of spines 15359 Lvs. filiform dichotom. unarmed, Vesicles lanceolate chained, Recept. terminal ovate ellipt. mucronate 15360 Lower leaves thin costate pinnate, Pinnæ lanceolate crenulate, Vesicles lanceolate somewhat solitary 15361 Lvs. unarmed filif. much branched, Vesicles innate ovate-elliptical somew. chained, Recept. filif. terminal 15362 Stem compressed pinnated, Leaves distichous flat linear entire, some bearing vesicles, others receptacles 15351 15350 15355 15356 15367 15358 15360 15362 and Miscellaneous Particulars.

For rural economy, this and other species of Fucus are burned for their ashes, which produce the kelp or potash of commerce. On those shores of the sea where these plants do not abound, and where the water is sufficiently saline, the different species of fuci are raised artificially, by depositing stones at regular distances, on which the fuci spring up of themselves, and in four years yield a crop fit for cutting. Those who are interested on this subject will find ample information in the Transactions of the Highland Society of Scotland (vol. viii.), and in Headrick's Survey of Forfarshire. A condensed view of what is known on the subject will be found in the Encyclopædia of Agriculture in loco. 2329. Cystoseira. From κuστiς, a bladder, and σεiρa, a chain. The upper parts of the frond have the appearance of little bladders chained together. 3P2 Order 8. b CRYPTOGAMIA. 6 b a LICHENS. a CLASS XXIV.

Reproductive organs uniform. Sporules deposited in receptacles of various forms, distinct in substance from the thallus or frond, which is either pulverulent, crustaceous, membranous, foliaceous, or branched and shrub-like. THIS, Algæ, and the collateral order Fungi, may be said to exhibit the lowest stage of vegetable developement, and to contain the simplest forms of which plants are susceptible. Indeed it seems that each is resolved into the other when in the least stage of composition. Of this order, the lowest tribe, Pseudo-Lichenes, are considered Fungi by some authors, and have been formed into a distinct order by others, under the name of Hypoxyla. Here it seems best to consider them Lichens. The fructification is usually in the form of shields or cup-like receptacles (a), dispersed over the surface of the frond or thallus (b), and bearing various names according to their nature. Apothecia is the common term used to designate the fructification. Podetia are the stalk-like processes of the frond (c), which bear the apothecia on their summit. Scyphæ are cup-like apothecia. Cyphellæ are pale tubercular spots on the under side of the frond. Lacunæ are small hollows or pits on the upper surface of the frond. Soredia are little heaps of free, pulverulent bodies, mostly of a whitish color, placed on various parts of the frond (e). Pulvinuli are spongy, excrescence-like bodies arising from the frond, and often resembling minute trees. Nucleus proligerus, or kernel, is a distinct cartilaginous body coming out entire from the apothecia, and containing sporules. Lamina proligera is a distinct body containing the sporules, separating from the apothecia, often very convex and variable in form, and mostly dissolving into a gelatinous mass. The arrangement of Acharius, which is the most celebrated, is here followed.

TRIBE I. IDIOTHALAMI.

Apothecia differing in color from the rest of the plant, and formed of a distinct substance. 1. Apothecia simple, entirely formed of a sub-uniform, pulverulent, or cartilaginous substance. HOMOGENII. * Apothecia destitute of a raised margin. 2330. Spiloma. Plant crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uniform. Apothecia composed of minute bodies, collected into a compact, homogeneous, subpulverulent, naked, and shapeless colored mass. 2331. Solorina. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, lobed, separate beneath, and veiny or fibrous with down. Recept. adnate, roundish, not edged, covered by a colored membrane, and containing a solid, cellular, bladdery parenchyma. ** Apothecia with a raised border. 2332. Lecidea. Plant various, crustaceous, spreading, adnate, and uniform or foliaceous. Apothecia scutelliform, sessile, surrounded by a cartilaginous membrane; the disk of the same nature as the raised border. 2333. Calicium. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia cup-shaped, sessile, or stipitate, cartilaginous, containing a compact pulverulent mass, plane or convex, and forming a naked disk. 2334. Gyrophora. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, or cartilaginous, peltate, mostly monophyllous, free beneath.- Apothecia subscutelliform, sessile, or adnate, covered with a black cartilaginous membrane; the disk warty or plaited in circles, and bordered. §2. Apothecia subsimple, included, formed of a single covering, containing a capsular body or nucleus. HETEROGENII. 2335. Endocarpon. Plant crustaceous, adnate, of some determinate figure, or foliaceous and peltate. Apothecia globose, concealed in the substance of the plant, surrounded by a thin membrane, furnished with a slightly prominent orifice, and containing a nucleus. TRIBE II. CENOTHALAMI.

Apothecia partly formed from the substance of the plant. §1. Apothecia included in wart-like processes, formed from the substance of the plant. PHYMATOIDEI. 2336. Thelotrema. Plant crustaceous, cartilaginous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform, with wart-like receptacles, furnished with a wide pore, and bordered. Apothecia included, and containing a nucleus within a double covering. 2337. Pyrenula. Plant crustaceous, plano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. wart-like, formed of the thallus, enclosing or surrounding at the base a solitary thalamium, with a simple, thick, papillose perithecium, containing a globose cellular nut. 2338. Variolaria. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia wart-like, forme from the crust (resembling soredia), submarginate, white, including a naked nucleus. §2. Apothecia scutelliform, subsessile, the disk of a peculiar color different from the border, which is formed from the crust. DISCOIDEI. 2339. Urceolaria. Plant crustaceous, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia shield.like, the disk concave, colored, immersed in the crust; border formed from the crust, and the same color. 2340. Lecanora. Plant crustaceous, spreading, adnate, plane, uniform. Apothecia shield-like, thick, adnate, and sessile, the disk plano-convex, colored; border thickish, somewhat free, formed from the crust, and the same color. 2341. Parmelia. Plant foliaceous, between coriaceous and membranaceous, spreading, appressed, orbicular, lobed, and stellate, variously divided, fibrous beneath. Apothecia shield-like, attached by a central point; the disk concave, colored, with a border formed from the crust. ORDER VIII. • LICHENS. 2342. Borrera. Plant cartilaginous, branched, and laciniate, the segments free, channelled beneath, and ciliate at the margin. Apothecia shield-like, with a colored disk; the border formed from the frond. at the margin. Apothecia shield -like, with a colored disk; the border formed from the frond. 2343. Cetraria. Plant cartilagino-membranaceous, ascending or spreading, lobed, smooth, and naked on both sides. Apothecia shield-like, obliquely adnate with the margin, the disk colored, plano-concave; border inflexed, derived from the frond. sides. Apothecia shield-like, obliquely adnate with the margin, the disk colored, plano-concave; border inflexed, derived from the frond. 2344. Sticta. Plant foliaceous, coriaceo-cartilaginous, spreading, lobed, free and pubescent beneath, with little cavities or hollow spots. Apothecia shield-like , fixed by a central point, the disk colored, plane; border formed from the crust. 2345. Peltidea. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, spreading, subadnate, lobed, with woolly veins beneath. Apothecia orbicular, adnate, on produced portions of the frond, the disk colored; border very thin, formed from the frond. 2346. Nephroma. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, membranous, expanded, lobed, beneath separate, and naked or villous. Recept. resupinate, formed of the ascending lengthened lobes of the thallus. Fertile lamina renivillous. Recept. resupinate, formed of the ascending lengthened lobes of the thallus. Fertile lamina reniform, entirely attached to the thallus and its lower side, and surrounded by an elevated inflexed margin. 2347. Roccella. Plant coriaceous, cartilaginous, branched, laciniated, round or flat, erect or pendulous, woolly inside. Recept. shield-like, thick, growing into the thallus. Fertile lamina forming a disk, plano-con- , in the inside hyaline, and of a similar nature, surrounded by a margin, which forming a disk, plano-conis elevated, sessile, and as deep as the disk, and which contains a compact black powdery mass, which is hidden within the substance of the thallus. 2348. Evernia. Plant branched, laciniate, angular, or compressed, suberect or pendulous, with a central filament within. Apothecia shield-like, sessile, the disk concave, colored; border formed the frond. §3. Apothecia subglobose, terminating the branches or podetia, or scattered, sessile, and emarginate. CEPHALOIDEI. * Apothecia covered by the mass of the fructification. 2349. Cenomyce. General receptacle subcartilaginous, foliaceous, laciniate, subimbricated, free (rarely adnate, thick uniform, or wanting). Apothecia on podetia, orbiçular, immarginate at length, capituliform, bearing colored masses of fructification. , uniform, or wanting). Apothecia on podetia, orbicular, immarginate at length, capituliform, bearing thick colored masses of fructification. 2350. Beomyces. Plant crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate. Apothecia on short, soft, solid, simple podetia, capituliform, solid, immarginate, colored, convex, reflexed at the margin. , capituliform, solid, immarginate, colored, convex, reflexed at the margin. 2351. Isidium. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia on very short solid podetia , orbicular, convex, solid, terminal; the disk subimmersed, having a border formed from the substance of the podetia. 2352. Stereocaulon. Plant shrubby, cartilaginous, branched. Apothecia turbinate, sessile, solid, plane above, at length subglobose, with a border formed from the frond. ** Apothecia clothed with the substance of the frond, and containing a pulverulent mass. 2353. Sphærophoron. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous within, solid, shrubby, branched. Apothecia sessile, terminal, subglobose, bursting irregularly, and containing a black, globular, pulverulent mass.

TRIBE III. HOMOTHALAMI.

Apothecia entirely formed of the substance of the frond, and of a similar color. 2354. Alectoria. Plant cartilaginous, subfiliform, fibrous, and somewhat fistulose within, branched, prostrate, or pendulous. Apothecia shield-like, thick, sessile, bordered, wholly formed from the frond. pendulous. Apothecia shield-like, thick, sessile, bordered, wholly formed from the frond. 2355. Ramalina. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous, and nearly solid within, branched, somewhat shrubby, mostly sorediferous. Apothecia shield-like, thick, subpedicellate and subpeltate, plane, bordered, wholly formed from the substance of the frond. 2356. Cornicularia. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous, and nearly solid within, branched, shrubby. Apothecia orbicular, terminal, obliquely peltate, at length convex, somewhat inflated; the border dentate. 2357. Usnea. Plant much branched, filiform, mostly pendulous, furnished within with a bundle of elastic fibres. Apothecia orbicular, terminal, peltate, often ciliate at the border. . Apothecia orbicular, terminal, peltate, often ciliate at the border. 2358. Collema. Plant subgelatinous, homogeneous, crustiform, foliaceous, or somewhat branched, membranaceous or cartilaginous when dry. Apothecia shieldlike, bordered, formed from the substance of the frond; the disk sometimes differing in color when dried.

TRIBE IV.

ATHALAMI.

Lichens destitute of apothecia, and whose fructification is unknown. 2359. Lepraria. Whole plant crustaceo-pulverulent, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia unknown. TRIBE V. PSEUDO-LICHENES.

Apothecia black, corneous, imbedded in a receptacle. Sporules in slender tubular cells, lying in a pulp, not spontaneously emitted. 2360. Opegrapha. Plant crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform. Receptacle oblong and elongated, sessile, covered with a cartilaginous dark membrane, enclosing a solid parenchyma. Disk linear, edged on each side. , covered with a cartilaginous dark membrane, enclosing a solid parenchyma. Disk linear, edged on each side. 2361. Verrucaria. Plant crustaceous, plane, expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. hemispherical, roundish at the base, growing into the thallus, with a double perithecium exterior somewhat cartilaginous and thick, the base, growing into the thallus, with a double perithecium; exterior somewhat cartilaginous and thick, having above a little pimple or perforation; inner very fine, and membranous. Kernel cellular. 2362. Porina. Plant crustaceous, cartilaginous, plano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. wart-like, formed out of the thallus, and not margined. Thalamium imbedded in the substance of the wart, with a out of the thallus, and not margined. Thalamium imbedded in the substance of the wart, with a simple very thin perithecium, and a colored orifice thicker at the surface simple cellular. very thin perithecium, and a colored orifice thicker at the surface of the wart. Kerne! roundish, 2363. Arthonia. Plant crustaceous, plano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. innate, sessile, of an irregular roundish figure, without an edge, covered by a somewhat cartilaginous membrane, and containing a solid uni. form kernel. 2364. Graphis. Plant crustaceous, plano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. long, immersed in the thallus, with a simple cartilaginous perithecium, which forms an edge all round the linear kernel, which is naked at a simple cartilaginous perithecium, which forms an edge all round the linear kernel, which is naked at top and bottom, and cellular inside.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

CLASS XXIV 2330. SPILO'MA. Ach. SPILOMA. 15363 tumídulum Ach. tumid thin skin IDIOTHALAMI.

Sp. 12-20. 4 all sea. O bark of trees Eng. bot. 2151 15364 versícolor Ach. changeable spotted crust 3 all sea. Gr bark of trees Eng. bot. 2070 15365 microclónum Ach. fine-branched cloudy 1 all sea. Wsh aged oaks Eng. bot. 2150 15366 melanópum E. B. sooty 15367 microscópicum E..B. microscopic sooty spots 2 all sea. Bl apple trees Eng. bot. 2358 obl. patches 14 all sea. Sea G old boards Eng. bot. 2396 15368 murále E. B. wall crust 3 all sea. Ysh old mortar Eng. bot. 2397 15369 dispérsum E. B. scattered even crust 1 all sea. Gr old rails Eng. bot. 2398 15370 decolórans E. B. staining lobed patches 1 all sea. Gr old wood Eng. bot. 2399 15371 punctátum E. B. dotted crust 2 all sea. Gr old oaks Eng. bot. 2472 15372 variolósum E. B. speckled cracked crust 2 2 all sea. Wsh old trees Eng. bot. 2077 15373 aurátum E. B. golden tumid crowd. 1 all sea. Wsh old walls Eng. bot. 2078 15374 tuberculósum E. B. warted even patch 3 all sea. Cæs. sandst. rocks Eng. bot. 2556 2331. SOLORI'NA. Ach. SOLORINA.

Sp. 2-10. 15375 crócea Ach. yellow leafy frond 1½ sp. su. Ol.G tops of mou. Eng. bot. t. 498 15376 saccáta Ach. bagged leafy frond 2 sum.

Grsh on the earth Eng. bot. t. 288 2332. LECIDE'A. Ach. LECIDEA.

Sp. 66-183. 15377 atro-cinérea E. B. dark-grey close patches 1 all sea. Bl rocks Eng. bot. 2096 15378 corácina Ach. raven tessellated 2 all sea. Gr. Bl graniterocks E. b. t. 2335. L.coracinus 15379 atro-álba Ach. black & white cracked crust 3 all sea. Bl rocks Eng. bot. t. 2336 15380 fusco-átra Ach. dark-brown thin crust 15381 fumósa Ach. smoky tessellated Lichen athrocarpus E. B. 1829. 15382 lapícida Ach. stone-splitting broad patches 15383 petræ'a Ach. rock thin crust 3 all sea. G 1½ all sea. W 2 all sea. Bl 3 sum. Br. Gr alpine rocks brick walls rocks E.b. t.1734. L.dendritic.

E.b. t. 1830.L.cechumen.

E. bot. 821. L. contiguus roc. & stones Eng. bot. 246 15384 cónfluens Ach. confluent 15385 paraséma Ach. 15386 sanguinária Ach. 15387 sabuletórum Ach. 2 aut. black-fruited membranous 3 aut. red-fruited rugose crust heath tartareous Gr.Br rocks Eng. bot. 1964 Wsh thin cuticle 2 all sea. Wsh 1½ all sea. Wsh rocks bark of trees Eng. bot. 1450 Eng. bot. 155 bark of trees ẞ geochróa Ach. earth-skin thin cuticle 1 all sea. Gr bark of trees E. b. 1450. L.parasemus 15388 miscélla Ach. mixed lobed crust 2 all sea. Pa. Ol whinst.rocks Eng. bot. 1831 15389 escharoides E. B. scarred granul. crust 1 june D.Br earth & rocks Eng. bot. 1247 15390 aromática Ach. aromatic lobed crust 1½ all sea. OI old walls Eng. bot. 1777 15391 dolósa Ach. 15392 atro-vírens Ach. rusty spongy-crust. broad cuticle dark-green thin coat 4 all sea. Cæs. rocks Eng. bot. 2581 2 all sea. Bl rocks ẞ geographica Ach. geographical figured crust 3 all sea. Y.Ol rocks 15393 silácea Ach. 15394 Œdéri Ach. 15364 flint Œder's tessellated 2 all sea. Y.R rocks Eng. bot. 245 Eng. bot. 1118 tessellat.powd. 2 all sea. Rsh rocks 15368 15370 Eng. bot. 1117 15373 15376 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 2530. Spiloma. This word signifies in Greek, a spreading discoloration of the cuticle, and well expresses the general character of the genus.

ORD. VIII. TRIBE I.

LICHENS IDIOTHALAMI. 15363 Crust somewhat cartilaginous whitish, Apothecia crowded tumid oblong varying in figure roughish reddish at length brownish black and somewhat pruinose 15364 Crust somewhat cartilaginous powdery cracked variegated with cinereous and yellow, Apothecia immersed superficial roundish finally confluent 15365 Crust very thin glauc. Apothecia burst. forth min. convex cluster. and conflu somew. branch, dark-color. 15366 Crust very thin greyish, Apothecia flat diluted irregular somewhat confluent black 15367 Crust spread. widely very thin membran. greyish, Apothecia dot-like very min. black lead-color. when dry 15368 Crust obsolete or white, Apothecia very minute black confluent without bristles 15369 Crust filmy very thin green. grey, Apothecia mostly dispers. hemispher. sooty: internally yellowish green 15370 Crust spreading widely very thin; for the most part membranous greyish white, yellowish green when rubbed, Apothecia minute flat confluent blueish grey 15371 Crust thin somew. powd. white, Apoth. scatter. min. dot-like solid black with superfic. dark-brown powder 15372 Crust tartar. rugg. greyish-white cracked, Apothecia convex round. very black: their centers often decid. 15373 Crust tartar. rugged greyish or greenish-white, Apothecia convex rounded black orange-colored within 15374 Crust calcareous greenish-white, Apothecia scattered somew. confluent unequal elevated granulat. black 15375 Thallus green. (brown when dry) lobed: ben. veiny and of a fine saffron-col. Apothecia somew. tum. brown 15376 Thallus lobed grey.-green whiter and fibrous ben. Apothecia at length sunk into deep pits or hollows brown + Thallus crustaceous reniform. * Apothecia constantly black, naked, (not pruinose). 15377 Crust tessellated greyish-black smooth, Apothecia several together depressed brownish-black with a paler border, at length crowded elevated the border being obliterated 15378 Crust continued tessellat. greyish-black, Apothecia immersed between the areolæ plane at length convex 1 somewhat angular black of the same color within 15379 Crust spreading very thin cracked black with swelling whitish scattered areolæ, Apothecia plane or slightly convex often in the interstices black, of the same color within 15380 Crust very thin black cracked and tessellated areolæ chesnut-brown plane marginated shining scattered, Apothecia rather convex black margined white within 15381 Crust subcartilaginous tessellat. smoothish brownish grey, Apothecia buried in the crust plane margined at length convex clustered and losing their margin black within greyish-black 15382 Crust tartareous cracked whitish ash-color, Apothecia within the spaces of the crust depressed flat finally convex somewhat confluent dark with a thin edge 15383 Crust thin roundish very finely cracked somewhat powdery white, Apothecia grown into the crust thick protuberant somewhat concentrical dark-colored with a tumid elevated contracted margin 15384 Crust tartareous somew. spreading tessellated nearly even greyish-brown, Apothecia sessile at length irregular convex subglobose confluent black emarginate within having a thin greyish stratum ben. disk 15385 Crust thin submembranaceous greyish-white bordered with black at length spreading somew. granulated, Apothecia nearly plane sessile margined black blackish within 15386 Crust rugose and warted greyish-white, Apothecia at length convex hemispherical somew. tuberculated 15387 Crust scattered granular irregularly lobed cinereous whitish, Apothecia clustered convex sessile planoblack horny and black within having beneath a powdery bright red stratum convex hemispherical somewhat confluent dark powdery inside Crust scattered granular somewhat cohering white cæsious or cinereous brown, Apothecia hemispherical somewhat globose often clustered shining 15388 Crust tartareous broken into cracks with wart-like smooth cracked cinereous areolæ, Apothecia deepiy 15389 Crust tartareous brownish ash-colored composed of granulated warts, Tubercles convex irregular black 15390 Crust somewhat cartilaginous scaly granular glaucous cinereous, Granules flattish crenulated, Apothecia immersed convex aggregate scarcely edged dark-colored with an obsolete black border sessile plano-concave edged finally wavy 15391 Crust rugose somewhat granular ferruginous ash-colored, Apothecia superficial flat edged finally flexuose and convex, Edge finally obliterated 15392 Crust spreading thin black scattered with planeish subcontiguous bright-yellow areolæ, Apothecia plane or slightly concave black of the same color within Areolæ bright-yellow plane angular black between and with a black margin 15393 Crust tartareous tessellated yellowish-red, Apothecia sessile plane at length convex irregular confluent black internally cernuous and black 15394 Crust granulated and tessellated somewhat pulverulent ochraceous red, Apothecia minute elevated with the margin tumid: the disk depressed black nearly of the same color internally 15377 15379 15386 15390 15393 and Miscellaneous Particulars. 2331. Solcrina. From σoλoς, solid, and givos, a skin, in allusion to the firm texture of the fond. 2332. Lecidea. An unexplained name contrived by Acharius for the Lichenes tuberculati of Linnæus, whose shields have no border from the substance of the frond or crust. 3P4 CRYPTOGAMIA.

CLASS XXIV. 15395 alba Ach. white membranous 3 aut. W bark of trees E. bot. 1349. Lepraria 15396 citrinélla Ach. 15397 uliginósa Ach. lemon-peel-crust. cracked coat 3 spring Y.G marsh whole colored 3 spring Bl sand. ground Eng. bot. 1877 sandy heaths Eng. bot. 1466 15398 scabrósa Ach. rugged-shield. lobed patches 2 all sea. Pa. G tiled roofs Eng. bot. 1878 15399 immérsa Ach. immersed 15400 rivulósa Ach. rivulet even crust 4 all sea. Pa. Y broad incrust. 6 all sea. Br. Ol 4 all sea. Pa.Y calcar. rocks Eng. bot. 193 rocks Eng. bot. 1737 15401 albo-cærulescens Ach. whitish-blue tartare. crust 3 sum. Wsh Scotch alps E. b. t.2244. L.pruinosus B túrgida Ach. 15402 abietína Ach. turgid pine-tree sinuated crust 3 sum. W pruinose 2 all sea. Gl. 15403 speírea Ach. wavy 15404 epipólia Ach. thick W stone walls E.b. t.820.L.multipunct. trunks, Abies sinuated crust 4 spring W.Y flint. pebbles Eng. bot. 1864 tartare. crust 2 sum.

Scotch alps Eng. bot. 1137 15405 cortícola Ach. black & white bark small verruc. 1 aut. Cæs. old trees Eng. bot. 1892 15406 conspurcáta E. B. dusty rimose crust 1½ aut.

Cæs. old walls Eng. bot. 964 15407 Lightfoótii Ach.

Lightfoot's sinuat. patch. all sea. Pa. G smooth bark Eng. bot. 1451 15408 quérnea Ach. oak thin crust 3 all sea. Y.G 15409 viridéscens Ach. 15410 incána Ach. greenish hoary thin crust leprous 1½ all sea. Pa. G clefts of bark Eng. bot. 485 dead trees 2 aut. Gl. 15411 sulphúrea Ach. sulphur cracked crust 2 aut. Sul. trun. of trees Eng. bot. t. 1683 rocks Eng. bot. t. 1186 15412 orósthea Ach. downy toment. crust 3 all sea. Lt. G trees & pales Eng. bot. t. 1549 15413 decolórans Ach. discoloring granular 2 sum.

Grsh on earth ẞ granulósa Ach.

Lichen escharoides 15414 anómala Ach. granular E. B. 1247 anomalous granular 2 sum.

Grsh on earth E. b. t.1185.L.quadricol. 15415 rupéstris Ach. rock spotted patch. tartareous 3 aut. 2 sum.

Pa. Ol on earth Grsh rocks E. b. t. 2155. L.cyrtellus Eng. bot. 2345 Lichen calvus E. B. 948 15416 lutéola Ach. yellowish thin crust 3 all sea. Wsh bark of trees Eng.bot.845. L. vernalis 15417 carnéola Ach. horny-cupped papillose crust 3 all sea. Wsh on oaks Eng.bot.965. L. corneus ẞarceutina Ach. 15418 fusco-lútea Ach.

Griffithian smooth coat yellow-brown thin crust 2 all sea. W.Br 3 sum. Grsh mountains Eng. bot. 1007. bark of trees E.bot.1735. L. Griffithii 15419 cinéreo-fúsca Ach. 15420 anthracína Ach. cinereo.-brown cracked crust 3 all sea. Grsh trun. of trees dark scaly crust 2 sum.

D.Br rocks & trees E. bot. t. 432. L. byssinus 15421 cæ'sio-rúfa Ach. bluish-brown tessellat. crust 3 sum.

D. Gr rocks & trees E.b.1650. L. ferrugineus 15422 icmadóphila Ach.

Heath leprous crust 15423 marmórea Ach. marbled thin crust 15424 alabastrina Ach.

Alabaster thin crust 2 all sea. G. W on ear. in he. E.b.t.372. L. ericetorum 3 all sea. Gr. W bark of trees Eng. bot. t. 739 2 sum. Gr. W Scotland E. bot.t. 1651. L. rosellus 15425 melizea Ach. yellow-shield. cracked crust 14 spring Y.Ol moss. trunks Eng. bot. 1263. L. luteus 15426 Ehrhartiána Ach.

Ehrhart's cartilag. crust 2 all sea. Gsh rocks Eng. bot. 1136 15427 polýtropa Ach. variable tessellated 2 all sea. Pale rocks Eng. bot. 1264 15396 15397 ٢٢٠٦ 15401 15401,3 15404 ORD. VIII. TRIBE I.

LICHENS IDIOTHALAMI. 15395 Crust membranaceous white with a greyish or whitish-grey powdery substance scattered over it in small clusters, Apothecia minute appressed plane black 15396 Crust leprous granul. powdery green.-yell. Apothecia sess. margin. finally convex dark: of same col. inside 15397 Crust granular somewhat gelatinous greenish-brown, Apothecia appressed margined finally hemispherical clustered dark: of the same color inside 15398 Crust globose warted powdery cinereous yellowish, Apothecia convex scabrous ** Apothecia black, naked: when moistened becoming-red or brown. 1.5399 Crust thin whitish, Apothecia plano-convex immersed in the stone margined dark: disk pruinose; when moistened crimson, white inside 15400 Crust cracked into areolæ brownish ash-color edged with dark lines, Apothecia sessile flat becoming convex edged irregular black *** Apothecia black with a grey bloom. 15401 Crust tartareous contiguous even at length somewhat tessellated and whitish, Apothecia sessile and elevated plane black with a grey bloom and a black smooth border ẞ Crust of a regular figure contiguous whitish cæsious, Apothecia immersed: disk depressed hollowish 15402 Crust spreading very thin smooth glaucous: fructification subsessile plane black with a grey bloom; the 15403 Crust tartareous contiguous very white, Apothecia sessile thick black powdery margined becoming convex 15404 Crust tartareous defined tessellated white areolæ swelling, Apothecia sessile hemispherical with a grey border raised and swelling with an ash-colored layer under the disk bloom black within with a thin persistent margin cæsious becoming subglobose not margined dark cinereous inside 15405 Crust somewhat tartareous granular areolated uneven very white, Apothecia minute somew. immersed 15406 Crust thick greyish-white cracked rugose at length mealy very white within, Apothecia numerous scattered minute: at first prominent and pale-brown; then concave and black **** Apothecia black-brown, brownish, or deadened by some other color. 15407 Crust somewhat effuse granular cinereous greenish, Apothecia appressed flat dark-brown: inside dirtywhite with a thin flexuose edge paler than the disk 15408 Crust lep. granul. pale yellow.-brown, Apoth. somew. immers. becom. conv. not margin. brown and black 15409 Crust thin granulat. somew. farin. green or green.-brown fructific. conv. rug. irregul. conflu. black.-brown 15410 Crust spread. leproso-farin. soft uneven glauc. green, Apothecia scatter. sess. brown with marg. ent. paler 15411 Crust tartareous cracked and broken uneven smoothish pale sulphur-color, Apothecia adnate plane scarcely margined brown and scarcely paler in the margin, at length irregular and convex 15412 Crust cracked areolated uneven somewhat powdery sulphureous, Apothecia minute sessile convex not margined whole-colored becoming hemispherical 15413 Crust granulated greyish-white, Granules becoming pulverulent, Apothecia nearly plane red fleshcolored livid or brown with the elevated margin paler, at length flexuose 15414 Crust firmer granulat. and subpapill. Apothecia at length hemispheric. rug. brown.-black and black conflu. 15415 Crust thin tartareous contiguous greyish-white, Apothecia immersed plane margined, at length convex: the margin persistent glabrous reddish-brown; of the same color within 15416 Crust thin whit. cover. with somew. globul. pale gran. at length grey. Apoth.sess. becom, conv. yel.-brown 15417 Crust thin membranous hoary finally granular powdery, Apothecia sessile concave thick tumid brown flesh-colored with an edge of the same color 8 Crust very thin naked whitish, Apothecia flattish scarcely margined waxy purple brown and black 15418 Crust spreading very thin membranaceous white or greyish somew. shining subgranulose, Apothecia plane yellow-brown, at length red-brown with the margin paler elevated, at length flexuose 15419 Crust thin somewhat cracked uneven greyish-white: fructification plane, at length angular and irregular yellowish or reddish-brown; the border narrow persistent 15420 Crust spreading somewhat scaly uneven roughish darkish-brown, Apothecia minute plane reddish yellow ***** Apothecia dark-red, or whitish flesh-color. with the margin paler, at length somewhat convex and brownish at length convex with the margin obsolete blackish-red at length waved roughish in the disk: margin scarcely any 15421 Crust tessellated rugose darkish-grey, Apothecia plane rusty orange: the margin sometimes crenulate, 15422 Crust leprose uneven somewhat granulated greenish-white, Apothecia nearly sessile plane flesh-colored, 15423 Crust thin grey.-white, Apothecia somew. glob. at length urceol. white: disk flesh-color.; marg. tum. ent. 15424 Crust thin smoothish minutely granulated greyish-white, Apothecia slightly convex entire whitish rosecolor paler at the margin ****** Apothecia pale, yellowish, waxen or orange-colored. at length slightly convex waved unequal clustered pale yellowish 15425 Crust thin white powdery, Apothecia plano-convex smooth edged pale-yellow 15426 Crust cartilaginous cracked rugoso-plicate granulated white or greenish, Apothecia nearly sessile plane 15427 Crust subtartareous tessellated pale, Apothecia nearly plane with the margin lobed waved clustered, at length subglobose destitute of margin yellowish flesh-color 15401 15417 15427 15426 15428 lúcida Ach. 15429 atro-fiáva Ach. 15430 luteo-álba Ach.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

CLASS XXIV. shining black & yellow ragged crust yellow-white smooth crust soft crust 2 sum. G.Y rocks Eng. bot. 1550 2 all sea. Br expos. flints Eng. bot. 2009 1½ all sea. W rocks Eng. bot. 1426 15431 cándida Ach. hoary sinuous 3 all sea. Wsh old walls Eng. bot. 1138 15432 vesiculáris Ach. blistered imbricated 3 sum. 3 sum. Br.Bl Highl. rocks L.cæruleo-nig. 15433 lúrida Ach. 15434 atro-rúfa Ach. lurid imbricated 3 sum.

G.Br Scotch alps Eng. bot. 1329 red-brown imbricated 4 sum. Br 15435 scaláris Ach. scaly imbricated red san. gro. Eng. bot. 1102 3 aut.wi. Pa. Ol rocks & earth Eng. bot. 1501 15436 verruculósa E. B. warted irregul. patch. 1 aut.wi. Bl hard rocks Eng. bot. 2317 15437 rubifórmis Ach. blackberry patches wint. Pa.G turfy earth Eng. bot. 2112 15438 decípiens Ach. deceitful imbricated 2 spring F earth Eng. bot. 870 15439 pholidióta Ach. scaly leafy crust 4 spring Cæs. quartz. rocks E. b. 1955. L. glebulosus 15440 microphýlla Ach. small-leaved broken patch. 2 spring Gr.G trees Eng. bot. 2128 15441 canéscens Ach. hoary round. patch. 1½ spring W 15442 dædálea E. B. intricate leafy lobed spring Y.G bark of trees Eng. bot. 582 rocks Eng. bot. 2129 2333. CALI CIUM. Ach. CALICIUM. 15443 tigilláre Ach. rail 15444 stigonéllum Ach. black sessile soft crust pimpled 2 aut.

Sp. 17-29.

Gl. trees Eng. bot. 1530 3 aut.

Pa. Ol on Lichens Eng. bot. 2520. C. sessile 15445 microcéphalum Ach. small-headed cloudy streaks dec.

Ol.G oak rails Eng. bot. 1865 15446 claviculáre Ach. club-headed granul. crustaut.

Grsh naked wood 15447 sphærocéphalum Ach. pin-headed thin crust 15448 hyperéllum Ach. convex spring Grsh irregular coat 2 spring Bt. G old pales old oak Eng. bot. 414 Eng. bot. 1832 15449 chrysocéphalum Ach. yellow-head. patches 3 aut.

Lem trun. of trees Eng. bot. 2501 15450 trabinéllum Ach. brown 15451 cantheréllum Ach. cinnamon dense granul. 4 aut. obscure crust Br. Ol boards Eng. bot. 1540 aut.

Wsh decay. wood Eng. bot. 2557 15452 capitellátum Ach. sulphureous regular patch. 15453 aciculáre Ach. acicular irreg. incrust. 123 july G.Y sandy soil Eng. bot. 1539 sum.

O1 Scotch firs Eng. bot. 2385 15454 ferrugíneum E. B. rusty lobed crust 4 aut.

Pa.Ol pales Eng. bot. 2473 15455 in quinans E. B. sooty-knobbed tessellat. crust 4 wint.

W.Br dead wood Eng. bot. 810 15456 róscidum E. B. grained mealy coat 4 all sea. G old boards Eng. bot. 1464 15457 débile E. B. weak 15458 æruginósum E. B. verdigrease 15459 cúrtum E. B. close-set patc. granular aut. Br old timber Eng. bot. 2462 1 wint.

DI.G old boards Eng. bot. 2502 short-stalked crowd. patch. 1½ wint.

Dl.G decay. wood Eng. bot. 2503 2334. GYRO PHORA. 15460 glábra Ach.

B polyphýlla Wahl. 15461 proboscídea Ach.

Barc'tica Ach. 15462 cylíndrica Ach. 15428 Ach. GYROPHORA. smooth many-leaved snouted Sp. 8-19. leafy thallus leafy thallus 2 sum. D Ol rocks 2 sum. D.Ol rocks Eng. bot. t. 1282 arctic cylindrical netted frond 3 spring Smo. rocks smooth lobed 1 wint. Br rocks folded frond 2 spring Gr.Ol rocks Eng. bot. 2485 Eng. bot. 522 Eng. bot. t. 2483 15431 15436 15437 15440 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 2333. Calicium. From κaλuκiov, a little cup, well expressing the appearance of the organs of reproduction All the species form grey, white, or yellow patches, of various extent, on old wrought. wood, or boards exposed to the weather. 2334. Gyrophora. So named, from γuρoς, a circle, and φεξω, in allusion to the concentric circles, more or lef ORD. VIII. TRIBE I.

LICHENS IDIOTHALAMI. 15428 Crust thin leprose powdery soft pale green.-yellow, Apothecia slightly convex pale yellowish: marg. obsol. 15429 Crust thin effuse somew. granul. black, Apothecia min, cluster. flat yellow. with an elevat. ent. paler marg. 15430 Crust thin smooth. white, Apoth. crowd. at length convex hemispher. margin. orange-color. white within ++ Thallus crustaceous, of a regular figure or leaf. LEPIDOMA. 15431 Crust somewhat imbricated white hoary, Lobes crenate reflexed tumid, Apothecia appressed black 15432 Crust somewhat imbricated brownish-black covered with a greyish powder, Lobes entire swelling, 15433 Crust imbricat. green.-brown, Lobes round. cren. paler ben. Apothecia plane, at length somew. conv. black 15434 Crust somewhat contiguous lobed areolate and imbricated cinereous brownish-lurid, Lobes becoming glaucous; edge finally wavy Apothecia black naked, at length hemispherical with the margin obsolete flexuose cut-crenate, Apothecia appressed not edged flattish finally confluent Apothecia plane margined glaucous black 15435 Crust imbricated pale olive-green, Lobes distinct reniform nearly erect beneath and the margin powdery, 15436 Crust indeterminate very thin fibrous black with white convex crowded smooth warts, Apothecia solitary in each wart depressed coal-black with a border of the same color 15437 Crust somewhat imbricated, Lobes rounded crenate livid-brownish white beneath surrounding the apothecia, which are hemispherical clustered reddish not margined 15438 Crust subimbricated, Lobes distinct subpeltate roundish flesh-colored and red brown whitish beneath, 15439 Crust imbricated glaucous white, Lobes minute rounded convex, Apothecia convex rufous brown be- Apothecia in their border convex and subglobose black: margin obsolete coming blackish: margin thin entire 15440 Thallus slightly imbricated fragmentary grey.-green on a dense black fibrous cushion: its segm. somewhat linear lobed crenate and granular at the margin, Apothecia scattered tawny paler at the. marg. at length convex brown obliterating the margin 15441 Crust orbicul, rugose plait. hoary lobed-plait. in circumfer. Apothecia central plano-convex dark-colored 15442 Closely imbricated radiated membranous very smooth brownish-grey pale with black fibres below: its segments linear obtuse undulated, Apothecia black with a black border of their own substance 15443 Crust areolated-warted smoothish wavy, Apothecia sessile dark opaque, Disk flat tumid at edge 15444 Crust somewhat contiguous unequal whitish or none, Apothecia sessile subglobose dark smooth: disk 15445 Crust somewhat tartareous contiguous wrinkled olive-green, Apothecia roundish dark shining: disk dot-like becoming flattish with a thin shining margin depressed opaque, and stalks short whole-colored 15446 Crust effused greyish somewhat pulverulent: fructification subglobose, at length flattened greyish-black with a cylindrical thickish-black peduncle 15447 Crust very thin grey. smooth, Apothecia subglob.: disk dark-brown; margin greyish, Stripes filif. black 15448 Crust cartilaginous areolate rugose smooth yellow-green, Apothecia lentiform ferruginous powdery, Stems short cylindrical dark-pitch color thicker at base t 15449 Crust lemon-yellow granulated and conglomerated: fructification subturbinate; disk brown convex, the 15450 Crust thin white ash-color. Apothe. becom. lentif.: disk black.-brown ciner. pruin. with a yell.-green marg. 15451 Crust thin whitish powdery, Apothecia lentiform: disk flesh-colored becoming brown powdered, Stalks border yellow and pulverulent, Peduncle filiform blackish and shining at the base filiform naked pale becoming brownish or black 15452 Crust effuse powdery greenish-yellow, Apothecia globose, and stalks filif. very long flexuose yellow.-green 15453 Crust leprous powdery pale yellowish-green, Apothecia hemispherical globose and stalks tapering upwards straight powdered with fulvous with a pale rusty disk 15454 Crust thin granulated tartareous rusty white, Apothecia on short stalks thick black often compound 15455 Crust white granulat. Tuber. a little prominent round flatt. gray.-black powdery with a smooth black edge 15456 Crust granulated smooth greyish-white, Tubercles scattered roundish black polished wrinkled irregular without a border mostly sessile 15457 Crust membran. very thin white, Tuber. black convex with recurv. marg. on long slend. wavy black stalks 15458 Crust thin tartareous somewhat granulated of a verdigrease-grey, Apothecia on slender black stalks black hemispherical with a convex brownish-black disk 15459 Crust filmy very thin whitish, Apothecia on thickish black stalks obovate or hemispherical black with black prominent loose powder 15460 Thallus smooth blackish-green: ben. smooth black and naked, Apothecia at length conv. rough and plait. Thallus of many lvs. or lobes variously fold. black.-green quite black ben. on each side naked and smooth. 15461 Thallus membranaceous with elevated reticulations, at length of a smoky ash-color rough smoother paler and subfibrillose beneath, Apothecia turbinate, at length convex variously plaited 3 Thallus thick hard rigid with elevated dots rugose olive-brown becoming black naked smooth paleyellow beneath, Apothecia globose 15462 Thallus somewhat naked dark greenish-grey folded and lobed strongly ciliated beneath smooth pale with branching fibres, Apothecia elevated nearly plane with concentric and plaited lines 15443 15449 15454 15455 15457 and Miscellaneous Particulars. complicated, observable in the disk of the receptacles of the shields. The species grow chiefly upon exposed alpine rocks, chiefly on granite or volcanic stones. The vitrified forts in the Highlands of Scotland produce some of them, CRYPTOGAMIA.

CLASS XXIV. 15463 erósa Ach. knawed ragged 3 all sea. Ol.Br rocks Eng. bot. 2066 15464 deústa Ach. scorched rough leafy 3 all sea. Ol.Br rocks Eng. bot. 2483 15465 pustuláta Ach. pimpled blister'dfrond 2 spring Cin. G rocks Eng. bot. 1283 15466 pellíta Ach. furred sinuated 2 all sea. G.Br rocks Eng. bot. 931 15467 murína Ach. mouse-skin irregular lob. 1 all sea. Br rocks Eng. bot. 2486 2335. ENDOCAR'PON. Ach. ENDOCARPON.

Sp. 10-22. 15468 sinópicum Ach. cracked tessellat. mass. 1 sum.

Or schist Eng. bot. 177 15469 smaragdulum Ach. yellow little patches sum. Y.G rocks Eng. bot. 1512 15470 tephroídes Ach. brownish Lichen fusceilus E. B. 1500 little patches 1 sum.

Gl. earth Eng. bot. 2013 15471 Hedwígii Ach.

Hedwig's crowd. patch. sum. 01 on the earth E. b.t.595. L. trapezifor.

Blach'neum Ach. 15472 pállidum Ach. black-woolled pallid crowd. patch. finely lobed sum. D.G on the earth Eng. bot. 1698 all sea. Pa. Ol rocks Eng. bot. 2541 15473 parasíticum Ach. parasitical round. patch. sum.

Cop. on Lichens Eng. bot. 1866 15474 miniátum Ach. vermilioned thick crust 1 all sea. Grsh rocks Eng. bot. 593 15475 leptophyllum Ach. fine-leaved 15476 complicátum Ach. entangled round patches coriaceous spring Br rocks Eng. bot. 2012 all sea. Grsh rocks b.593.f.2.L.amphibius 15477 Webéri Ach.

Weber's cartilaginous win.sp. G.Br wet rocks E. bot. 594. L. aquaticus CENOTHALAMI. 2336. THELOTREMA. Ach. THELOTREMA. 15478 lepadínum Ach. enclosed Sp. 5-19. smooth crust 1 all sea. Wsh holly bark Eng.bot.678. L.inclusus 15479 exanthematicum Ach. pallid tartareous 2 all sea. Grsh calcar. rocks Eng. bot. 1184 15480 variolarioídes Ach. Variolaria-like tessellated 2 all sea. Pa. Ol bar. of trees B agelæ'um Ach. inelegant tessellated 15481 melaleúcum E. B. brownish obscure crust 2 all sea. Pa. Ol 3 all sea. Y bar. of trees young oaks Eng. bot. 1730 Eng. bot. 2461 15482 hyménium E. B. wrinkled granular 4 all sea. G old oaks Eng. bot. 1731 2337. PYRENULA. Ach. PYRENULA. 15483 nítida Ach.

Sp. 4-34. shining cartilaginous 1½ all sea. bar. of beech Weig. obs. t. 2. f. 14 15484 nigréscens Ach. blackish tartareous 1½ all sea. Br.Bl rocks E. b. 1499. Ver. umbrina 15485 tesselláta Ach. tessellated circular dots 15486 umbonáta Ach. nipple shielded even coat 2338. VARIOLA'RIA. Ach. VARIOLARIA. 15487 veláta Ach. veiled sinuous surf. 2 all sea. Ol.G 1 all sea. Br Sp. 9-46. 1½ aut. Gl. slate rocks E. b. 2455. L. viridulus rocks E.b.2153. L. thelostomus 15488 multipúncta Ach. 15489 globulífera Ach. much dotted globuliferous granular uneven crust 2 win. Gl. ash trees Eng. bot. 2062 beech trees Eng. bot. 2061 1 all sea. Grsh trees & rocks Eng. bot. 2008 15463 15468 15470 15473 15477 15466 15469 15472 15474 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 2335. Endocarpon. From εvδov, within, and κaρπoς, fruit, because the receptacles of the sporules are deeply imbedded in the substance of the frond. The species form small roundish or angular plants, commonly closely in the substance of the frond. The species form small roundish or angular plants, commonly closely sessile upon earth or stone, of a grey or olive hue; their fructification appearing like little black dots over the surface. 2336. Thelotrema. From θηλη, a nipple, and τρημa, an orifice. The protruberances of the thallus are perforated. This genus has been reduced to Endocarpon by Sir James Smith. . This genus has been reduced to Endocarpon by Sir James Smith. ORD. VIII. TRIBE I.

LICHENS IDIOTHALAMI. 15463 Thallus rugged olivaceous brown, its circumference perforated and laciniated dark-grey: beneath glabrous somewhat granulated and fibrous, Apothecia somewhat convex variously plaited 15464 Thallus roughish olivaceous brown with a brown scattered dust smooth beneath with pits and reticulations few plane margined: disk somewhat even papillose and plaited naked of the same color, Apothecia plane with circular plaits, at length convex 15465 Thallus blistered and warty greenish ash-color ben. deeply pitted smooth palish-brown naked, Apothecia 15466 Thallus smooth sinuato-lobate of a greenish coppery-brown: beneath black with dense pulvinate fibres, 15467 Thallus very rig. mouse-col. ben. black.-brown rough with elevat. paler spots, Apoth. conv. various. plait. Apothecia sessile, at length somewhat globose variously plaited intricate 15468 Thallus crustaceous cracked into areolæ figured somewhat lobed greenish rubiginous depressed at the circumference, Orifices depressed black 15469 Thallus crustaceo-cartilaginous somewhat foliaceous minute subpeltate appressed plane roundish entire yellow-green, Orifices of the apothecia depressed reddish-brown 15470 Thallus crustaceous submembranaceous spreading and subfoliaceous contiguous wavy cracked glaucous ash-col. irregul. lob. and crenat. at marg. ben. black somew. spongy, Orifi. elevat. conv. black perforat. 15471 Plant subcartilaginous roundish or somewhat angular lobed of an olive-green beneath pale at margin subcartilaginous roundish or somewhat angular lobed of an olive-green: beneath pale at margin; the rest blackish and fibrillose, Orifice of the fructification subprominent dark-brown ẞ Lobes of thallus aggregat. somew. imbricat.: margin elevated repand-lobed wavy with black wool beneath 15472 Thallus coriaceous membranous pallid leafy greenish crenate-lobed becoming irregularly ragged, Orifices Thallus coriaceous membranous pallid leafy greenish crenate-lobed becoming irregularly ragged, Orifices 15473 Thallus coriaceous convex rounded lobed copper-colored, at length rugged black and shaggy beneath, hemispherical pale with a black dot Orifices scattered sunk minute coal black, at length convex 15474 Thallus thick crustaceo-cartilaginous foliaceous orbicular peltate greyish spread at marg. somewhat lobed and waved beneath smooth, at length rugose and tawny, Orifices minute slightly prominent brownish 15475 Thallus cartilaginous foliaceous orbicular peltate brown or greyish the border spread and wavy smooth cartilaginous foliaceous orbicular peltate brown or greyish: the border spread and wavy smooth naked rough and black beneath, Orifices of the apothecia very minute slightly prominent black 15476 Thallus coriaceo-cartilaginous lobed greyish: beneath brownish-black; the lobes nearly erect rounded 15477 Thallus cartilagineo-coriaceous lobed greenish-brown olivaceous: beneath rather tawny or blackish on both sides smooth; the lobes laciniated waved plaited and crisped crowd. Orifices rather convex black plicate and convolute, Orifices of the apothecia numerous convex black CENOTHALAMI. 15478 Crust smooth whitish, Warts of the apothecia smooth somewhat cone-shaped with the margin of the aperture thin simple somew. inflexed and contracted covered at bottom with a membrane which bursts 15479 Crust subtartareous thin contiguous greyish, Warts of the apothecia convex half immersed whiter, Orifices much contracted radiated with fissures concealing the flesh-colored apothecia 15480 Crust nearly regular smooth rugulose cinereous, Warts of apothecia clustered irregular whitish with a large black aperture and a thick somewhat angular lacerated edge Crust white powdery with granul. and min. soredia, Warts of apothecia appres. few and immers. in crust 15481 Crustaceous cream-colored with scattered rather convex warts opening by an irregular inflexed orifice, Apothecia immersed depressed brown 15482 Crust cartilaginous uneven somewhat polished greenish-grey, at length extremely tumid and uneven, Apothecia elevated crowded hollow very irregular 15483 Crust cartilaginous membranous polished pale brownish cinereous, Warts of apothecia closed closing surrounding the upper projecting part of the thalamium 15484 Crust tartareous somewhat tessellated unequal brownish-black, Warts of the apothecia spreading at the base depressed somewhat rugose surrounding the greater part of the prominent apothecia 15485 Crust tartareous unequal cracked into areolæ cinereous yellowish, Warts of apothecia enlarged at their base depressed closed clustered about the edged orifice 15486 Crust tartareous regular finely cracked cinereous rufous, Warts of apothecia smooth reddish depressed above forming a margin to the papilla-like prominent orifice compressed tumid: kernel covered with a thin powdery skin granular: kernel lentiform enclosed 15487 Crust determined somewhat cartilaginous smooth very white plaited in rays, Warts of apothecia polished 15488 Crust subcartilaginous cracked into areolæ granular cinereous, Warts of apothecia convex clustered 15489 Crust subcartilaginous greyish uneven with granules and soredia scattered in an irregular manner, Warts of fructificat. subglob. smooth, at length depressed above and soredifer. and contain. a concave nucleus 15482 15478 15485 15487 15479 15481 15486 and Miscellaneous Particulars. 15489 2337. Pyrenula. A diminutive of πuρηv, a kernel; in allusion to the manner in which the receptacle is enclosed in the thalamium, as a kernel within its shell. Crustaceous plants, found chiefly upon the bark of trees. 2338. Variolaria. The shields of these plants resemble the eruptive spots of the variolæ or measles. The whole genus was referred by Linnæus to his Lichen fagineus and lacteus. The species are of a crustaceous nature, found upon the trunks of trees, rocks, walls, or the ground. 15490 commúnis Ach. common ẞ aspergilla Ach. 15491 amára Ach. sprinkled bitter radiated ẞ discoídea Ach. discoid 1½ all sea. Y.Ol cracked crust 2 all sea. Grsh pulverulent CRYPTOGAMIA. radiated 1½ all sea. DI. W trees rails CLASS XXIV.

Eng. bot. 2401 bark of trees Eng.b.1713. L. fagineus 2 all sea. W bark of trees Eng. bot. 1714 15492 láctea Ach. milky tartar. crack. 1 wint.

W rocks Eng. bot. 2410 15493 griseo-vírens E. B. greyish green tubercular 1½ aut. D.Ol smooth bark Eng. bot. 2400 15494 dealbáta E. B. whitened cracked crust 3 all sea. Lt. Br hard rocks Eng. bot. 2519 15495 cinérea E. B. cinereous tubercular 2 all sea. Ol.G whinstone Eng. bot. 2411 2339. URCEOLA'RIA. 15496 Achárii Ach.

Ach. URCEOLARIA.

Acharius's Sp. 6-23. cracked crust 2 all sea. Pa.R rocks Eng. bot. 1087 B cyrtáspis Ach. red tessellat.crust 2 all sea. Rsh rocks 15497 gibbósa Ach. gibbous fringed patch. 3 all sea. Br flints 15498 cinérea Ach. cinereous concent.zones 3 all sea. G. Br flints Eng.b.450. L. punctatus Eng. b. 1732. L. fibrosus Eng. bot. 1751 15499 scrupósa Ach. rock solid crust 1 all sea. Grsh rocks Eng. bot. 266 15500 Gágii E. B.

Gage's obscure crust 1½ all sea. Pa. Y rocks Eng. bot. 2580 15501 calcárea Ach. calcareous crowd. warts 1 all sea. W roc. & stones ẞ Hoffmanni Ach.

Hoffmann's sinuous patc. 1½ all sea. Cæs. roc. & stones Eng. bot. 1940 2340. LECANO'RA. Ach. LECANORA. 15502 átra Ach.

Sp. 46-79. dark granulated 1½ all sea. Grsh bark of trees Eng. bot. 949 15503 argópholis Ach. pallid warted crust 2 sum. Pale rocks 15504 oculáta Ach. 15505 coarctáta Ach. mottled contracted smooth. crust 2 spring W broad patches 4 all sea. Br roc. & earth brick walls Eng. bot. 1833 Eng. bot. 534 15506 pericléa Ach. rough little spots all sea. Wsh old posts Eng. bot. 1850 B exígua Ach. diminutive little spots all sea. Br old pales Eng. bot. 1849, 15507 sophódes Ach. obscure mealy crust 1½ aut. G on trees Eng. bot. 1791 15508 subfúsca Ach. 15509 ventósa Ach. 15510 frustulósa Ach. brownish exposed broken cartilaginous 2 all sea. Grsh trun. of trees Eng. bot. 2109 warted 2 all sea. Y.G rocks Eng. bot. 906 tartareous all sea. Var. rocks Eng. bot. 2273 15511 effúsa Ach. scattered thin coat 3 aut.

G bark of firs Eng. bot. 1863 15512 chloroleúca Ach, whitish green Leprous 1½ sum.

W mountains Eng. bot. 1373 15513 vária Ach. variab, shield. crowded all sea. Lt. G old walls Eng. bot. 1666 15514 apocræ'a Ach. leprous cloudy crust 1 wint. Lt. G old posts Eng. b. 2075. Sp. Vitiligo 15491 15494 15497 15500 WIND 15495 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 15498 2339. Urceolaria. From urceolus, a little pitcher, with reference to the form of the shields, which are sunken in the crust. Natives of hard stones occasionally inundated, or upon naked exposed rocks; occasionally upon the trunks of trees. The crust of U. esculenta, a native of Tartary, is eatable. 2340. Lecanora. An unexplained name. Lecanora perellus affords a purple dye, and is called in the south of France, where it is employed in lieu of the L. tartarea, Perelle d'Auvergne, whence the specific name, as Smith ORD. VIII. TRIBE II.

LICHENS CENOTHALAMI. 15490 Crust cartilaginous polished whitish becoming unequal and ash-colored scattered with white soredia having no margin, Warts of apothecia spheroidal powdery ẞ Crust tartareous cartilaginous determined glaucous with a polished radiated cracked circumference, Soredia scattered superficial flat not margined 15491 Crust rugose cracked uneven subpulverulent white or greyish, Warts of the apothecia appressed plano- ẞ Crust pulverulent white, at length greyish naked, Soredia crowded, at length spreading waved planoconcave with the margin raised swollen concave margined bearing soredia of the same color as the crust 15492 Crust tartareous distinctly bordered cracked smooth white: the circumference somewhat zoned crenato- 15493 Crust elliptical thin slightly tartareous rugged grey scarcely limited, Apothecia rounded with a narrow 15494 Crust tartareous thickish greyish-white cracked tumid papillary and rugged obscurely zoned at the cir. lobate, Warts of the apothecia crowded margined very white and pulverulent border, Powder greenish cumference, Apothecia orbicular prominent white 15495 Crust orbicular tartareous thin ash-colored cracked: its circumference indeterminate, Apothecia orbicular very small white with an elevated margin and flesh-colored disk 15496 Crust with a rather decided edge smooth with narrow cracks pale brick-colored: disk redd.; marg. tum. ẞ Crust bordered smooth tessellated reddish, at length white, Apothecia becoming elevated with the disk rather convex reddish-brown reaching the margin of the crust 15497 Crust papillose warted polished white ash-color: disk concave black immersed in the tip of the warts, 15498 Crust cracked areolate warted cinereous bordered with black: disk somewhat concave dark immersed Border contracted protuberant crenated entire among the warts becoming elevated, Border thickish projecting swelling inflexed subrugose covering the disk 15499 Crust rugoso-plicate granulated white or greyish: fructification urceolate; the disk black, the border 15500 Crust continued calcareous smooth brownish-white irregularly cracked when dry, Apothecia very minute blackish sunk in the crust 15501 Crust determined finely cracked somewhat powdery very white becoming cinereous: disk minute concave black powdered with white, Border prominent discoid thin Crust thin cracked into areolæ equal dull ash-colored, Fertile areolæ raised in the middle whitish leadcolor: disk somewhat concave dark cæsious powdery + Thallus adnate uniform. RINODINA. * Disk of apothecia constantly dark and black. 15502 Crust with a somewhat decided edge granulated and cracked greyish-white, Disk of the apothecia plane at length swelling and black: the margin free raised, at length waved and crenulate 15503 Crust smooth uneven warted pale, Warts at length subimbricated somewhat lobed and deformed, Disk of the fructification concave brownish-black: the border sharp crenulate contracted 15504 Crust glab. papill. and branch. white, Apothecia sess. scattered: disk slightly concave black; marg. tumid 15505 Crust effuse thin cracked rugose unequal cinereous, Disk of apothecia somewhat immersed finally elevated flat dark with an elevated inflexed powdery border 15506 Crust thin somewhat leprous and dispersed whitish, Disk of apothecia plano-convex dark dotted rough. Border obscure powdery ẞ Crust uneq. obscure. ciner. black. Apothecia min. aggreg. flat with a white cren. border and brown. edge ** Disk of apothecia black, naked, brownish when moistened. 15507 Crust verrucose-granular from cinereous brownish-green, Apothecia heaped with a flat coarse dark disk brown when moistened, Border tumid inflexed entire *** Disk of apothecia black, brown, brownish, or clouded with other colors, naked. 15508 Crust cartilaginous smooth, at length granulated unequal white or greyish, Disk of the apothecia planoconvex brown or almost black: margin tumid entire, at length waved and crenate 15509 Crust tessellated with tumid warts yellow green or grey, Apothecia appressed, at length irregular with the disk plane or swelling red brown, at length rising above the entire margin 15510 Crust tartareous very much cracked variegated with black and white (yellowish-white in dispersed tumid 15511 Crust effuse thin powdery cinereous æruginous, Apothecia minute appressed: disk flat becoming convex 15512 Crust thin leprose white, Apothecia crowded elevated: disk plane olive; the margin waved 15513 Crust unequal granular somewhat warted pale-green, Apothecia clustered: disk flat pale-brown and warts), Apothecia pale-brown, at length convex dark-brown: margin white pale-brown, Border thin obscure variegated, Border raised inflexed finally crenulate livid-brown, Border pale becoming crenulate 15502 15505 15509 15514 Crust effuse very thin polished whitish sometimes bearing soredia, Apothecia sessile; disk flattish pale 15510 15504 and Miscellaneous Particulars. tells us, though generally spelled Parellus. L., Turneri is probably only a variety growing upon the bark of trees.

Lecanora candelaria derives its name from the circumstance of the Swedes employing it to stain the candles that are used in their religious ceremonies.

Lecanora tartarea is the famous Cudbear (so called after a Mr. Cuthbert, who first brought it into use) CRYPTOGAMIA. 15515 rubricósa Ach. red shielded round patch. 1 all sea. Grey old walls CLASS XXIV.

E.b.1040. L. casio-rufus 15516 tuberculósa Ach. warted warted fring. 3 all sea. D.Ol rocks Eng. bot. 1733 15517 glaucóma Ach. glaucous tessellated 2 all sea. D.Ol rocks Eng. bot. 2156 15518 Hagéni Ach.

Hagen's spotted wint. D.Ol bark of trees Hagen. hist. lich. t.1.f.5 ẞ crenuláta Ach. crenulated small spots wint.

Dl.G limest. rocks Eng. bot. 930 15519 albélla E. B. cream-colored obscure crust 1 wint.

Wsh smooth bark Eng. bot. 2154 15520 parélla Ach. equal warted 15521 upsaliénsis Ach.

Upsal 2 all sea. W membranous 2 all sea. Gl. W rocks Eng. bot. 727 Eng. bot. 1634 15522 Turnéri Ach.

Turner's mealy crust 15523 carneo-lútea Ach. yell.-flesh-col. 15524 tartárea Ach.

Cudbear 3 aut. cracked crust 1 sum. Wsh tartareous 2 all sea. Grsh Dl.G old trees Eng. bot. 857 trun. of elms Eng. bot. 2010 rocks Eng. bot. 156 B frígida Ach. northern thin crust 2 aut. Gl. earth Eng. bot. 1879 15525 cerína Ach. waxen 15526 Stónei Ach.

Stone's oblong patch oblong patch 2 wint. G trun. of trees Eng. bot. 627 1 wint. G trun. of trees 15527 vitellína Ach. yolk of egg granular 1½ all sea. Y pales Eng. bot. 1792 15528 salicína Ach.

Willow granular 1½ spring Br on trees Eng. bot. 1305 15529 erythrélla Ach. reddish crack. rugose 2 all sea. Gsh stone walls Eng. bot. 1993 15530 rúbra Ach. red membranous 1½ sum.

ẞ porphýria Ach. 15531 hæmatom'ma Ach. bloody spotted powdery thin crust 2 sum. smooth 2 sum. Gl.

W Wsh rocks trun. of trees Eng. bot.t.2218. L. Ulmi Eng. bot. 486 Eng. b.223. L. coccineus 15532 epigéa Ach. earth plaited 1½ all sea. W earth E. b. 1778. L. candicans 15533 lentígera Ach. white round. patch. 1½ all sea. Wsh dry heaths Eng. bot. 871 15534 saxícola Ach. rock scaly crust 2 all sea. Pa. G roc. & walls Eng. bot. 1695 15535 murórum Ach. wall cracked crust 14 all sea. Y.Or rocks Eng. bot. 2157 15536 élegans Ach. elegant imbricated 1 all sea. Tawn. rocks Eng. bot. 2181 15537 fulgens Ach. refulgent small patches sum.

Y rocks Eng. bot. 1667 15538 circináta Ach. circled cracked crust aut. Grsh flat stones Eng. bot. 1941 15539 gélida Ach. frozen cracked crust 1 all sea. R.Gr rocks Eng. bot. 699 15540 galáctina Ach. milky rugose crust 1 all sea. Wsh roc. & walls 15541 cervína Ach. grey lobed scales sum. 15542 crássa Ach. thick scaly crust sum. 15516 Ciner. roc. & stones E.b.t.2011. L.squamulo.

Gsh earth on roc. Eng. bot. 1893 15520 15529 15524 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, employed to produce a purple for dying woollen yarn; and no where, perhaps, used to so great an extent as in the manufactory of Mr. Mackintosh, at Glasgow. The manufacturers import it largely from Norway, where ORD. VIII. TRIBE II.

LICHENS CENOTHALAMI. 15515 Crust cracked and areolate somewhat granular whitish, Disk of apothecia rufous becoming brown, Border white or yellowish becoming flexuose **** Disk of apothecia black, cæsious, glaucous, or variously colored, always pruinose. 15516 Crust greenish ash-color with roundish warts, Circumference fibrous, Apothecia ecia mixed: disk concave becoming flat blackish-glaucous; border elevated thick 15517 Crust tartareous tessellated even greyish-white, Apothecia immersed in the crust the disk plane, at length convex subglobose glaucous and powdery; margin entire afterwards obliterated 15518 Crust cartilaginous membranous whitish ash-color, Apothecia clustered minute: disk flat becoming convex variegated with brown and black; border entire naked persistent ẞ Crust becoming unequal somewhat granular ash-colored or blackish, Apothecia much clustered: disk flat brown and black; border crenulate powdery 15519 Crust thin leprous continuous cream-colored somewhat polished, Apothecia sessile whitish-buff uneven with a thin white wavy border ***** Disk of apothecia somewhat flesh-colored, pale, testaceous, waren, or orange-colored. 15520 Crust granulated or somewhat warted white, Apothecia thick crowded by pressure angular: : the disk 15521 Crust very thin membranaceous smooth glaucous white bearing awl-shaped bristles, Disk of the concave, and as well as the tumid entire margin of the same color as the crust apothecia at length spreading plane pale-yellowish 15522 Crust leprous granular powdery whitish-grey, Apothecia scattered thick powdery: disk concave pale flesh-colored; border tumid entire and flexuose 15523 Crust thin polish. hoary, Apothecia somew. inn.: disk flat fleshy-yell.; border thin somew. inflex. crenat. 15524 Crust tartareous with clustered granules greyish white, Apothecia scattered: disk plano-convex a little [becoming black wrinkled flesh-color; the margin inflexed, at length waved ẞ Crust thin glaucous white running out into papillæ and spiniluferous branches 15525 Crust granul. ciner. Disk of apothecia flat convex yellowish wax-colored; border elevated inflexed hoary 15526 Crust leprous-tartareous granular powdery dirty-white, Apothecia scattered: disk waxen covered by the powdery inflexed border becoming convex and dilated 15527 Crust granulated bright-yellow, Apothecia crowded: the disk plane of the color as the crust, at length convex deeper colored and powdery; the margin elevated thin, at length waved pulverulent 15528 Crust granular unequal dirty-yellow, Disk of apothecia flat becoming convex somewhat orange-colored; 15529 Crust cracked subrugose greenish-yellow, Apothecia at length subglobose deep orange shining when border thin crenulated becoming entire and flexuose the entire margin becomes obliterated ****** Disk of apothecia red, scarlet, or purple, and sanguine. 15530 Crust submembranaceous smooth, at length unequal pulverul. and granular white, Apothecia crowded: 15531 Crust tartareous pulverulent whitish, Apothecia imbedded scattered subconfluent: the disk scarlet the disk concave red; margin tumid inflexed crenulate rather convex; the margin sometimes obliterated Crust tartar. granul. powd. whit. Apothecia sess.: disk flat deep sanguine; bord. elevat. thick rug. persist. ++ Thallus adnate, radiate, stellate, and lobed in the circumference. PLACODIUM. rather convex brownish-black: the margin thin entire 15532 Crust plaited and wrinkled white: the circumference smooth lobed, Disk of the apothecia at length 15533 Crust somewhat imbricated white, Lobes somewhat concave flexuose cut-crenate, Disk of apothecia flat 15534 Crust subimbricated scaly somew. rugose uneven pallid-green radiated and lobed in the circumference: fructification extremely crowded; the disk plane yellowish-brown or subochraceous with a border, at length crenate waved yellowish-brown: border elevated tumid 15535 Crust plaited and lobed cracked bright-yellow orange pulverulent: the circumference plicate and rayed; segm. lin. convex cut, Apothecia crowd.: disk at length convex of a deeper orange; marg. ent. waved 15536 Crust somew. imbricated plaited and rugose tawny orange naked, Lobes lin. lanc. waved convex somew. distant radiating, Disk of the apothecia concave of the same color with the crust marg. somew. inflex. ent. 15537 Crust somew. contiguous pale yellow with a plaited lobed edge, Lobes flexuose flat, Apothecia scattered, Disk very red plano-convex 15538 Crust cracked greyish plaited and rayed in the circumference lin.-laciniate, Apothecia much crowded at at length angular: disk plane brownish black even with the margin of the crust 15539 Crust cracked pale reddish grey the circumference rayed and lobed having brown warts in the centre cracked and rayed: disk of the apothecia depressed reddish margin thick elevated entire 15540 Crust subimbricat. rugulose whitish lobed and cren. at the circumference: fructification crowd, angular; the disk plane brownish flesh-color pruinose with a raised and at length crenate flexuose border +++ Thallus imbricated throughout. 15541 Crust with lobed scales of a brownish ash-color: disk of the apothecia immersed nearly plane blackish brown with the margin at length prominent 15542 Crust scaly greenish, Lobes imbricated inciso-crenate waved irregular, Disk of the apothecia slightly swelling brownish orange margin thin entire at length obliterated 15531 15532 15533 15535 and Miscellaneous Particulars. it grows more abundantly than with us; yet, in the Highland districts, many an industrious peasant gets a living by scraping this Lichen with an iron hoop, and sending it to the Glasgow market. When I was in the 3 Q 15543 virêlla Ach.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

CLASS XXIV. 15544 candelária Ach. ß polycárpa Ach. greenish multifid patc.

Candle-dyeing scaly crust many-shielded toothed lobed 1 all sea. Bt. G trees & pales Eng. bot. 1696 1 all sea. Y trees & pales Eng. bot. 1794 all sea. Gr. Y old posts Eng. bot. t. 1795 15545 hypnórum Ach.

Hypnum scaly crust 1 wint. Gr.Br woods Eng. bot. t. 740 15546 brun'nea Ach. brown lobed crust 1 spring Ci.Br on the grou. Eng. bot. t. 1246 15547 Hookéri Hooker's imbricated 1 spring Grsh wet rocks Eng. bot. 2283 2341. PARME'LIA. Ach. PARMELIA.

Sp. 38-77. 15548 glomulífera Ach. warted round patch. 1 spring Gl trun. of trees Eng. bot. t. 293 15549 caperáta Ach. wrinkled round patch. spring Y. G trun. of trees Eng. bot. t. 654 15550 scórtea Ach. leathery lobed patches 1 all sea. Br trees & pales Eng. bot. 2065 15551 perláta Ach. grey round patch. 2 2 all sea. Grsh trun. of trees Eng. bot. 341 15552 perforáta Ach. perforated crisp patches 3 all sea. Y.G old trees Eng. bot. 2423 15553 herbácea Ach. herbaceous round patch. 1½ all sea. Bt. G trun. of trees Eng. bot. 294 15554 corrugáta Ach. rugose imbricated 3 all sea. D.G on trees Eng. bot. 1652 15555 olivácea Ach. olive round patch. 2 all sea. Ol. Br rocks & trees Eng. bot. 2180 15556 parietína Ach. wall round patch. 2 all sea. Bt. Y trees & walls Eng. bot. 194 15557 elæína Ach. orbicular olive small patches all sea. Ol bark of trees Eng. bot. 2158 15558 pitýrea Ach. scurfy flat-warted 1 july Gl. walls Eng. bot. 2064 15559 clementiána Ach. Clementi's flat radiated 1 all sea. W. Gr trees Eng. bot. 1779 15560 tiliácea Ach.

Linden flat imbricat. 6 sum. G rocks Eng. bot. 700 15561 Borréri Ach.

Borrer's foliaceous 4 aut.

Ol.G trun. of trees Eng. bot. 1780 15562 lanuginósa Ach. woolly round patch. 3 all sea. Y.W rocks 15563 plúmbea Ach. leaden round patch. 2 aut.

Bl. Gr trun. of trees Eng. bot. t. 353 15564 rubiginósa Ach. rusty round patch. 3 sum.

Br.Gr trun. of trees Eng. bot. t. 983 15565 omphalódes Ach. navel shining dott. 4 all sea. Pu. Br rocks Eng. bot. t. 604 15566 saxátilis Ach. rock rough & pitt. 2 all sea. Grsh stones Eng. bot. t. 603 15567 fahlunénsis Ach.

Iron mine smth. thallus 3 all sea. Pitch. rocks Eng. bot. t. 653 15568 stýgia Ach. pitchy starry 2 sum. Bl mountains Eng. bot. t. 2048 15569 áquila Ach. lacerated multifid lobes 4 sum.

Br rocks Eng. bot. t. 982 15570 encaústa Ach. griesly stellated dott. 3 sum.

Pa. Gr rocks Eng. bot. t. 2049 15571 recúrva Ach. recurved warted 2 sum.

Pa. G rocks Eng. bot. t. 1375 15543 15545 15546 15547 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, reighbourhood of Fort Augustus, in 1807, a person could earn fourteen shillings per week at this work, selling the material at three shillings and fourpence the stone of twenty-two pounds. The fructified specimens are reckoned the best.

ORD. VIII. TRIBE II.

LICHENS CENOTHALAMI. 15543 Crust somewhat scaly greenish ash-colored becoming powdery, Lobes repand cut wavy with irregular margins, Disk of apothecia flat brownish black 15544 Crust scaly yellow, Lobes very much crowded cut and laciniated imbricated their margins minutely granular, Apothecia nearly of the same color as the crust margin elevated entire Crust formed of lobes with many crowded teeth and segments greyish yellow, Apothecia crowded waved: disk plane dilated of the same color as the crust at length fulvous and the margin crenulated 15545 Crust scaly greenish-brown, Lobes minute somew. rounded with margin granular and crenulat. Apothecia submembran.: the disk concave at length dilated plane reddish brown the marg. elevated inflex. crenate 15546 Crust imbricated greyish lobed and granulated ash-colored brown, Apothecia imbedded in the crust crowded irregular: disk rather convex red-brown the margin elevated crenulated persistent 15547 Crust imbricated greyish, Lobes minute appressed blunt, Disk of the apothecia plane black margin elevated and crenate + All the divisions of the thallus equal at end. 15548 Thallus cartilaginous rigid obicular livid and glaucous smooth bearing dark green scattered tufted excrescences: tawny beneath and downy , the lobes waved and laciniated angular, Apothecia reddish brown rugose at the margin 15549 Thallus orbicular pale yellowish green rugose at length 'granulated black and hispid beneath the lobes waved laciniated round. nearly entire, Apoth. scatter. brown their margin incurv. entire at length pulverulent 15550 Thallus roundish subcoriaceous white smooth finely dotted with black : hispid beneath, Lobes longish sinuate-crenate cut, Apothecia rufous brown Thallus roundish subcoriaceous white smooth finely dotted with black: hispid beneath, Lobes longish sinuate-crenate cut, Apothecia rufous brown 15551 Thallus orbicular greyish white smooth blackish brown and hairy beneath, Lobes rounded cut plane 15552 Thallus orbicular glaucous green naked with black fibres on the under side, Lobes rounded cut flat sometheir margin waved entire, Apothecia brown their margin thin entire what plaited at the edge, Apothecia rufous 15553 Thallus orbicular membranaceous bright green above, beneath pale brown almost white and downy, Lobes waved and cut, the segments rounded subcrenate, Apothecia red, the margin inflex. rugose and crenate 15554 Thallus orbicular membranaceous finely rugose glaucous green, beneath blackish brown fibrous, Lobes cut rounded lax plaited entire orbicular membranaceous finely rugose glaucous green, beneath blackish brown fibrous, Lobes cut rounded lax plaited entire 15555 Thallus orbicular olive brown rugged with elevated points paler beneath and fibrous, Lobes radiating appressed plane dilated rounded and crenate, Apothecia dark-brown: the margin crenulated 15556 Thallus orbicular bright yellow: beneath paler and fibrillose; the lobes radiating appressed plane dilated round. crenate and crisped at the extremity, Apoth. of the same colour as the crust their margin entire 15557 Thallus orbicular somewhat membranous contiguous plaited umber-olive colored cut crenate in the cirorbicular somewhat membranous contiguous plaited umber-olive colored cut crenate in the circumference with flat somewhat truncate lobules 15558 Thallus orbicular cinereous powdery: beneath white with black fibres, Central segments plaited eroded crisp powdery at edge, Apothecia concave blackish brown 15559 Thallus orbicular white hoary granular powdery: beneath of the same color with obsolete blackish fibres, Segments of the circumference flat cut crenate, Apothecia appressed flat brownish black 15560 Thallus orbicular membranous glaucous ash-colored: blackish brown beneath, Lobes sinuate-cut; the end ones rounded crenated, Apothecia brownish with an entire edge 15561 Thallus orbicul. cinereous, Soredia grey margined, beneath brownish spongy and fibrous, Lobes concrete plaited: those of the circumference rounded cut crenate, Apothecia red with a tumid edge 15562 Thallus orbicular yellowish white pulverulent greyish black and downy beneath, Lobes imbricated plane rounded slightly crenated, Apothecia reddish (" of the same color as crust") their margin pulverulent 15563 Thållus orbicul. blueish-grey, beneath having a very thick spongy down, Lobes of circumference rounded and crenate, Apothec. scattered at length convex rusty-brown, their margin of same color and entire 15564 Thall. orbic. brownish-grey, ben. having a blueish-grey spongy down, Lobes of circumf. obtusely notched , orbic. brownish-grey, ben. having a blueish-grey spongy down, Lobes of circumf. obtusely notched elevated pale, Apothecia plane crowded central reddish-brown with tumid incurv. crenul. whit. margins 15565 Thallus orbicular dark purplish-brown shining dotted with black, beneath black and fibrillose the segorbicular dark purplishbrown shining dotted with black, beneath black and fibrillose: the segments sinuato-multifid linear plane truncated crenate in the circumference, Apothecia dark-brown, the margin slightly crenulate 15566 Thallus orbicul. greyish rough and pitted beneath black and fibrillose: the segments imbricated sinuated plane subretuse, Apothecia bright chesnut-brown, their margin subcrenulated 15567 Thallus orbicular pitchy-brown smooth beneath black and scarcely fibrillose: the segm. sinuated multifid divergent plane or slightly grooved, margins elevat. lacerat. Apothec. dark-brown, margin granulated 15568 Thallus stellated shining pitchy-black, beneath black and almost naked the segments nearly linear mulstellated shining pitchy-black, beneath black and almost naked: the segments nearly linear multifid and somewhat palmate convex, the margins and extremity recurved, Apothec. of the same color at length black with the margin crenated length black with the margin crenated 15569 Thallus orbic. tawny-brown paler beneath with blackish fibres: the segment multipartite nearly lin. convex, those of the circumfer. dilated nearly plane and crenate, Apothecia dark-brown, their margin crenated 15570 Thallus stellat. pale-grey, beneath black uneq. naked: the segments often uniting convex and almost round. lin. multifid roughish dotted with black, Apothecia reddish-brown, their margin somewhat crenulated 15571 Thallus stellat. pale-greenish bear. powdery warts, beneath black with spongy fibres: segments of circumference multifid very narrow convex and almost rounded, Apothecia reddish-brown, marg. nearly ent. 15555 15567 15570 and Miscellaneous Particulars. 2341. Parmelia. Named from πaρμη, a sort of small shield, and εiλεω, to enclose. On the thallus of these plants scattered powdery warts are commonly found. These Hedwig has determined to be anthers, apparently for no other reason than that they are powdery, and that he could fix the title to nothing better. 15572 sinuósa Ach. sinuous starry CRYPTOGAMIA.

CLASS XXIV. 2 all sea. Pa. Y moorstones Eng. bot. t. 2050 15573 aleurítes Ach. rugose round patch. 3 aut.wi. Pa. Gr trun. of trees Eng. bot. t. 858 15574 ambígua Ach. ambiguous starry warted 2 aut.wi. Pa. G trun. of trees 15575 conspérsa Ach. sprinkled smth. dotted 1½ all sea. Y rocks Eng bot. t. 2097 15576 speciósa Ach. shewy starry glabr. 2 spring G.W woods Eng. bot. t. 1979 15577 lævigáta Ach. polished starry 3 spring Grsh on trees Eng. bot. t. 1852 15578 pulverulénta Ach. powdery pruinose mul. 2 spring Dp. G trun. of trees Eng. bot. t. 2063 15579 stelláris Ach. stellate 15580 cæ'sia Ach. cæsious rugged frond 2 spring Grsh trun. of trees Eng. bot. t. 1697 sorediferous ẞ dúbia Ach. dubious granular all sea. Grsh roc. & stones Eng. bot. t. 1052 spring Pa. Br boards Eng. bot. 2547 15581 cyclosélis Ach. circular round patch. 1 all sea. Li. Gr trees & pales Eng. bot. 1942 15582 diacápsis E. B. twofold-shield. tumid crust 1 all sea. Wsh stones Eng. bot. 1954 15583 physódes Ach. bladdery multif. smth. 2 all sea. Wsh rocks Eng. bot. t. 126 15584 diátrypa Ach. warted multif. smth. 2 all sea. Gr.G wet rocks Eng. bot. t. 1248 2342. BORRE'RA. Ach. BORRERA.

Sp. 7-23. 15585 tenélla Ach. slender branch. segm. 1½ all sea. Gl. bran. of trees Eng. bot. 1351 15586 leucoméla Ach. black & white dense tufts 1½ feb. Wsh on the earth Eng. bot. 2548 15587 furfurácea Ach. mealy farinaceous 1½ all sea. G. Gr trun. of trees Eng. bot. 984 15588 chrysophthalma Ach. yellow-eyed bushy 1 all sea. Or apple trees Eng. bot. 1088 15589 flávicans Ach. yellowish • branched 1 all sea. Y trun. of trees Eng. bot. 2113 15590 ciliáris Ach. ciliated bushy 1½ all sea. Gl. trun. of trees Eng. bot. 1352 15591 atlántica Ach.

Barbary bushy tufts 1 april G.Ol elms Eng. bot. 1715 2343. CETRA'RIA. Ach. CETRARIA.

Sp. 5-14. 15592 juniperína Ach. juniper bushy 1½ all sea. Pa.Y trun. of trees B pinástri Ach. 15593 sepíncola Ach.

Pinaster hedge 15594 glaúca Ach. glaucous ẞ fállax Ach. 15572 fallacious bushy shining 2 all sea. Gl. bushy shining 1 all sea. W 15577 bushy 1 all sea. Pa. Y bushy waved 1 all sea. Ol. Br on the grou. Eng. bot. t. 1606 on the grou. Eng. bot. t. 2373 15580 15582 trun. of trees Eng. bot. t. 2111 ston. & trees Eng. bot. t. 2386 15573 15579 15583 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 2342. Borrera. Dedicated by Acharius, to Mr. William Borrer, F. L. S., one of our most eminent British cryptogamic botanists. This genus is very natural in habit, including the Linnean genus Lichen and its allies. 2343. Cetraria. An unexplained name. C. islandica is common in Iceland and in the north of Germany, and is also found in the mountains of Asturias. It grows to the height of two or three inches only, and has a rugged bushy aspect. In Iceland and Lapland it is used as an article of diet; being boiled in broth or milk, after being freed from its bitter by repeated maceration in water, or dried and made into bread. It has of late years been brought in considerable quantities to this country for medicinal purposes. The dried plant differs very little from its appearance in a recent state. Medicinally it is tonic and demulcent; it has also been found useful in debilities after acute diseases, and in emaciations, particularly those arising from the great discharge ORD. VIII. TRIBE II.

LICHENS CENOTHALAMI. 15572 Thallus stellat. pale-yellowish grey smooth, black and fibrous beneath: segments broadly lin. sinuato-pinnatifid, their sinuses broad and circular, Apothecia nearly plane dark-brown, their margin thin entire 15573 orbicular continuous rugose pale-grey pulverulent, beneath of the same color with blackish fibres entire Thallus orbicular continuous rugose pale-grey pulverulent , beneath of the same color with blackish fibres : segments in the circumference distinct plane rounded waved inciso-crenate, Apothecia plane reddishbrown, their margin at length crenulate and pulverulent 15574 Thallus stellated pale-yellow green smooth bearing powdery warts, beneath brownish-black and fibrillose : the segments linear appressed plane dichotomous somewhat truncated, Apothecia subcentral small nearly plane brown, their margin entire 15575 Thallus orbicul. greenish-yell. smooth with blackish dots, brown and fibrillose beneath: segments sinuatolobate rounded crenate nearly plane, Apothecia central chesnut-brown with the margin nearly entire 15576 bricated stellated glabrous greenish-white, beneath snowy-white with greyish fibres the nearly entire im- Thallus stellated glabrous greenish-white, beneath snowywhite with greyish fibres: the segments imbricated linear plane cut and branched crenate, their extremities ascending and powdery, Apothecia central brown with a tumid singularly rough and crenate border 15577 Thallus stell. smooth greyish-white, beneath black and fibrillose: segm. multif. lin. broader upwards cut divaricated acute in the circumference frequently bearing powdery warts, Apothecia concave chesnut color with the margin entire 15578 Thallus stellated deep glaucous green cæsious and pruinose when dry, beneath black and downy and hispid: the segment linear multifid in the circumference plane appress. waved retuse at the extremities, Apothecia glaucous black, the margin entire and waved at length leafy 15579 Thallus stellat. at length rugged and granulat. greyish-green, beneath with grey fibres: the segm. sublin. rather convex cut multifid, Apothecia glauc, black, their margin entire, at length waved and crenate 15580 cut greyish-white and glaucous sorediferous, ash-colored beneath with black fibres crenate linear Stellate greyish-white and glaucous sorediferous, ashcolored beneath with black fibres: segments linear cut multif. convex but plane at extremities: fructification subconcave black with a subinflexed segments border a Thallus the stellate cinereous segments branched separate recurved at edge roundish, some broader than rest and powdery at the edge Thallus stellate cinereous: segments branched separate recurved at edge roundish, some broader than the rest and powdery at the edge 15581 Orbicular greenish-grey, fibrous and black beneath, Lacinæ imbricated nearly plane multif. erosa-crenate somewhat ciliate: the margin sometimes raised; fructification very dark, the border raised entire 15582 Crust blueish-white tartareous minutely undulated , Apothecia clustered somewhat sunk: disk flat black or brown; margin thick externally black 15583 Thallus substellated glaucous white: beneath brownish black; the segm. sinuato-multifid convex glabrous inflated and ascending at the extremity, Apothecia red brown, their margin entire 15584 Thallus substellate greyish-green beneath rugose blackish and white segments sinuato-multifid Thallus substellate greyish-green: beneath rugose blackish and white; segments sinuato-multifid nearly plane smooth bearing powdery warts and perforated; the extrem. inflated, Apoth. redd.: marg. entire 15585 Thallus greyish-white naked on both sides and of the same col. substellat.: segm. pinnatif. ascend. dilat. arched and ciliated at the extremity, Apothecia scattered: disk plane cæsious black; its marg. entire 15586 palish segments erect linear multifid attenuated ciliated: beneath very white powdery marg. and channelled, Apothieca with a flat black casious disk Thallus palish: segments erect linear multifid attenuated ciliated: beneath very white powdery and channelled, Apothieca with a flat black cæsious disk 15587 Thallus greenish-grey farinaceous: the segments linear attenuated branched grooved naked rugose and blackish beneath, Apothecia somewhat marginal cup-shaped with their margin thin inflexed 15588 Thallus yellow naked and of the same color on both sides: segments linear flattish pinnatifid branched fibrous at end, Apothecia somewhat terminal with an orange-colored disk 15589 Thallus yellow naked: segments dichotomously branched slightly compressed atten. divaricated complicated, Apothecia scattered: their disk plane orangered; their margin entire naked 15590 Thallus greenish segments linear branched attenuated ciliated at end whitish and channelled beneath, Thallus greenish: segments linear branched attenuated ciliated at end whitish and channelled beneath, Apothecia somewhat terminal: disk concave becoming flat with a fringid border 15591 Thallus pale rufous downy: segm. divaricating tortuous linear tapering channelled on the under surface, Apothecia scattered: disk flattish brownish-black with a thin entire border 15592 Thallus pale-yellow very yellow beneath: the segments plane ascending erose crenate and crisped, Apothecia elevated: their disk brown; the margin crenulated ẞ Thallus with segm. depressed: the lobes rounded crenate; margins crisped pulverulent and very yellow 15593 elevated olive-brown paler beneath the segments plane ascending lobed waved subcrenate, very Apothecia Thallus olive-brown paler beneath; the segments plane ascending lobed waved subcrenate, Apothecia elevated of the same color: their margin rugose and crenulate 15594 Thallus glaucous somewhat shining sinuated and lobed brown beneath the segments cut and jagged curled ascending, Apothecia elevated chesnut-brown: their margin wrinkled Thallus white on each side or with occasional black spots beneath 15586 15558 15587 15588 15591 15589 15592 15594 15594 and Miscellaneous Particulars. of ulcers; and diarrhœas, dysentery, and hooping cough. Its virtues, however, have been greatly overrated. (Thom. Lond. Disp. 365.) Though plentiful with us, it is scarcely sufficiently so to form an article of commerce. of from Norway our shops, where it is in great request as a medicine in coughs, consumptions, &c. is proportion what comes to our shops, where it is in great request as a medicine in coughs, consumptions, &c. is procured. A great proportion from Norway or from Iceland. Immense quantities are gathered in the latter country, not only for sale, but for home consumption, as an article of common food. The bitter and purgative quality being extracted by steeping in water, the lichen is dried, reduced to powder, and made into a cake, or boiled and eaten with milk; and eaten with thankfulness, too, by the poor natives, who confess " that a bountiful Providence sends them bread out of the very stones." An ample account of the nutritive qualities Memoir of very stones. An ample account of the nutritive qualities of this plant may sends be found them in bread the for August, 1806. 3Q 3 CRYPTOGAMIA. 15595 nivális Ach. snow bushy tufts 2 all sea. Sul. rocks CLASS XXIV.

Eng. bot. t. 1994 15596 islándica Ach.

Iceland Moss bushy 2 all sea. Ol. Br rocky places Eng. bot. t. 1330 2344. STIC'TA. Ach.

STICTA.

Sp. 7-18. 15597 crocáta Ach. orange yellow warts 3 all sea. Gl.Br rocks Eng. bot. 2110 15598 auráta Ach. golden foliaceous 6 all sea. Br 15599 pulmonácea Ach. liverwort reticulated trun. of trees Eng. bot. 2359 2 all sea. Oliva. trun. of trees Eng. bot. 572 15600 scrobiculáta Ach. pitted roundish pat. 3 all sea. Grsh trun. of trees Eng. bot. 497 15601 limbáta Ach. bordered smooth lobed. 4 all sea. Gl. Br rocks Eng. bot. 1104 15602 fuliginósa Ach. smutty round patch. 3 15603 sylvática Ach. wood pitted fronds 3 all sea. Lu.gr moist rocks Eng. bot. 1103 all sea. Ru. Br shady woods Eng. bot. 2298 2345. PELTIDE'A. Ach. PELTIDEA. 15604 venósa Ach. veiny much veined 2 sum.

Sp. 9-21.

Gsh on the earth Eng. bot. 887 15605 scutáta Ach. shielded 15606 horizontális Ach. horizontal crisp 1½ all sea. Cin. shining, cren. 2 all sea. Br.G shady rocks Eng. bot. 888 bark of trees Eng. bot. 1834 15607 aphthósa Ach.

Thrush warted 2 aut. G among moss Eng. bot. 1119 15608 ruféscens E.B. brownish incurved 2 all sea. R.Br on the earth Eng. bot. 2300 15609 canina Ach. dog broad-lobed 2 all sea. Grsh on the earth Eng. bot. 2299 15610 membranácea Ach. membranous broad-lobed 1½ all sea. Grsh thatch 15611 spúria E. B. 15612 polydactyla Ach. multifid smooth-hood. 1 july Gl. imperfectly veined lobed frond 1 july Ol.Br thatch on the earth Jacq. coll. t. 14. f. 2 Eng. bot. 1542 2346. NEPHRO'MA. Ach. NEPHROMA.

Sp. 2-8. 15613 resupináta Ach. resupinate short-lobed 3 all sea. Gr. Br among moss Eng. bot. t. 305 15614 párilis Ach. chocolate foliaceous 3 all sea. Br stone quarr. Eng. bot. 2360 2347. ROCCEL'LA. Ach. ORCHALL.

Sp. 2-7. 15615 tinctória Ach. true dyer's bushy tufts 1½ all sea. Y.Br marit. rocks Eng. bot. 211 15616 fucifórmis Ach. flat-leaved bushy tufts 4 all sea. Gl. graniterocks Eng. bot. 728 2348. EVER'NIA. Ach.

EVERNIA.

Sp. 1-6. 15617 prunástri Ach.

Stag's Horn multif. segm. 2 all sea. G.W heaths Eng. bot. t. 859 L. stictoceros E. B. t. 1353 2349. CENOMY'CE. Ach. CENOMYCE.

Sp. 20-43. 15618 papillária Ach. pimpled granul. crust 15596 15598 15600. wint. Grsh damp earth Eng. bot. 907 15603 15604 15599 S 15602 15605 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 2344. Sticta. From 5iκτoς, dotted, on account of the numerous little pits on the under surface of the fronds. One of the most handsome genera of Lichens, growing almost wholly upon trees. Sticta pulmonacea is supposed to possess the same qualities as the famous Iceland moss, Cetraria islandica. 2345. Peltidea. So called in allusion to the form of the shields, from πελτη, a target. Peltidea aphthosa, a large handsome species, has its name from the circumstance related by Linnæus, that the Swedish peasants boil it in milk as a cure for the aphtha, or thrush, in children. 2346. Nephroma. From vεφρoς, a kidney; the apothecia are of a reniform figure. N. polaris is remarkable for being common to both the arctic and antarctic circles. 2347. Roccella. This is a slight alteration of the Portuguese Roccha, signifying a rock, in allusion to the ORD. VIII. TRIBE II.

LICHENS CENOTHALAMI. 15595 Thallus sulphur-colored orange at the base pitted and reticulated erect nearly plane laciniated: its segm. multifid crisped crenato-dentate and often warted at points, Apothecia plane flesh-col.: marg. crenulat. 15596 Thallus olive-brown paler beneath the segments erect sublinear multifid channelled smooth dentatociliate; fert. branches spreading, Apothecia appressed plane of the same color: margins elevated entire cut; margin wavy crisp inflexed yellow-powdery 15597 Thallus dark glaucous brown pitted with broad rounded spreading entire lobes, having bright lemoncolored powdery spots upon the margin and on the elevated parts between the pits: downy and tawny beneath with min. lemon-colored little hollows, Apothecia scattered black.-brown: their margin entire 15598 Thallus glaucous shining very broad woolly beneath, Soredia minute yellow: segments rounded sinuated 15599 Thallus olivaceous pitted and reticulated downy beneath with smooth prominences: the segm. sinuato- 15600 Thallus suborbicular glaucous greyish-green very broad somew. pitted and having mealy warts: beneath downy tawny with white naked spots; the segments rounded and lobed irregular, Apothecia scattered nearly plane reddish-brown: their margin somewhat crenate lobate truncated, Apothecia submarginal plane reddish: their margin rugose with white hollow spots, Apothecia brown 15601 Thallus orbicular glaucous brown roundly lobed smooth grey and powdery at the margin: downy beneath 15602 Thallus orbicular dark lurid-grey rough with brown granules: beneath grey.-brown with white concave spots; the segments roundly lobed nearly entire, Apothecia scattered dark-brown: their marg. entire 15603 Thallus wide rusty brown naked and pitted: brown and downy beneath with small pale excavations; segments lobed and obtusely cut unequal, Apothecia marginal dark-brown 15604 Thallus greenish ash-color white beneath having dark brown prominent branched veins, Lobes rounded cut somewhat entire, Apothecia marginal plane rounded swelling brown scarcely crenulate at the margin 15605 Thallus ash-colored whitish and veiny beneath: the lobes rounded sinuated and cut crenate and crisped; fertile lobules very short, Apothecia orbicular ascending nearly plane brown somewhat entire 15606 Thallus glaucous and brownish green lobed cren. and shining pale ben. with numerous brown branching reticulated veins: fertile lobules abbreviated, Apothecia terminal plane horizontal transversely oblong reddish brown with a nearly entire margin 15607 Thallus green smooth roundly lobed sprinkled with brown warts whitish beneath with brown branching veins: fertile lobules very long contracted in the middle their sides reflexed, Apothecia terminal large ascending red brown with a lacerated margin rounded with numerous fruit-bearing processes 15608 Thallus coriaceous concave even dark reddish-brown pale downy with obsolete veins beneath, Lobes 15609 Thallus greyish green with broad rounded lobes white beneath with brownish branching veins: fertile lobules rather long with their sides reflexed, Apothecia terminal nearly erect revolute reddish-brown with a subcrenulated border 15610 Thallus thin membranous somewhat downy with rounded lobes beneath whitish and netted with veins of 15611 Leathery ash-colored and even above: whitish smooth with indistinct pale veins beneath, Apothecia the same color, Fertile lobes short, Apothecia minute ascending roundish dark reddish brown 15612 Thallus glaucous green naked glabrous with brown reticulated veins beneath: fertile lobules very numerous elongate and as well as the brown terminal, Apothecia cucullato-revolute 15613 Thallus greyish brown pale pubescent and granulated beneath: fertile lobules very short, Apothecia large numerous reddish 15914 Thallus livid brown beneath naked wrinkled blackish, Fertile lobes short, Face of the apothecia brownish 15615 Thallus rounded glaucous green somew. branched nearly erect, Apothecia scattered elevated: disk flat cæsious pruinose as broad as the border 15616 Thallus flat cinereous greenish with dichotomous divisions, Segments attenuated, Apothecia marginal 15617 Thallus greenish white segments dichotomous multifid ascending linear-attenuate plane pitted grooved and white beneath, Apothecia bright brown concave + Thallus subcrustaceous uniform. Podetia hollow. PYCNOTHELIA. 15618 Subcrustaceous uniform granulated greyish, Podetia ventricose glabrous white simple or branched, the branches very short confluent and subfastigiate, Fructification minute reddish-brown 15607 15609 15611 15603 15615 15616/ 00 15617 15618 and Miscellaneous Particulars. places where this plant is commonly found. This plant is the Orchall or Argol of the dyers, so celebrated for yielding a fine purple color, for which Cudbear is but a poor substitute. 2348. Evernia. Euερvης signifies tall, or well branched. The name has been well contrived to express the habit of the species, which all form bushy, erect, or pendulous tufts. 2349. Ceпotyce. From κεvoς, empty, and μuκης, a minute fungus, alluding to the hollowness of the little fungus-like receptacles. Cenomyce rangeferina: this is the Lichen which, for the greater part of the year, and especially in winter, is the support of the vast herds of rein-deer, in which consists all the wealth of the Laplanders. No vegetable, Linnæus tells us, grows throughout Lapland in such abundance as this, especially in woods of scattered pines, where, for very many miles together, the surface of the sterile soil is covered with it as with CRYPTOGAMIA.

CLASS XXIV. 15619 alcicórnis Ach. buckshorn tufts wint. Gl. heaths Eng. bot. t. 1392 15620 endiviæfólia Ach. 15621 cervicórnis Ach. endive-leaved multifid tufts wint. Y.G Stag's Horn multifid tufts 1 wint. Gl. dry places Eng. bot. t. 2361 Pentlan.hills Eng. bot. t. 2574 E 15622 pyxidáta Ach. cupped tufts 15623 fimbriáta Ach. fringed spring Gl. coralloid tufts 15 spring Gl. banks Eng. bot. t. 1393 moors & hea. Eng. bot. t. 2138 B radiáta Ach. y cornúta Ach. 15624 gonoréga Ach.

B anomæ'a Ach. 15625 ecmocýna Ach.

ẞ gracilis Ach. radiated cornute degenerating coralloid tufts 2 spring Gl. coralloid tufts 1 spring Gl. tufts 1 sum. Cin. on the grou. Eng. bot. 1835 moors & hea. Eng. bot. 1836 mountains variable brittle tufts 1 spring Cin. hills Eng. bot. 1867 leafy slender fine tufts spring Gr hea.& moun. fine tufts spring Gr hea. & moun. Eng. bot. 1284 15626 bacilláris Ach. rod-like branched 2 all sea. Wsh woods 15627 digitáta Ach. fingered powdery 1 all sea. Y.G woods E. b. t. 2028. L. filiformis Eng. bot. 2439 15628 defórmis Ach. deformed branch. tufts 3 all sea. Sul. roots of trees Eng. bot. 1394 15629 coccífera Ach. coccus-bearing long tufts 3 wint. Gr. G moors & hea. Eng. bot. 2051 ẞ cornucopioides Ach. cornucopia-like short tufts 15630 bellidiflóra Ach. daisy-flowered stiff scaly 1 wint. 2 wint.

Gr. G Pale moors & hea. lofty mount. Eng. bot. 1894 15631 sparássa Ach. ventricose branch. tufts 2 all sea. Gl. in woods Eng. bot. 2362 15632 delicata Ach. delicate mealy patch wint. G rotten rails Eng. bot. 2052 15633 racemósa Ach. 15634 furcáta Ach. racemose forked loosely branc. 1 all sea. Gsh heaths Dill, musc. t. 16. f. 25 smooth tufts 2 all sea. Liv.br woods Dil.musc. t. 16.f.27. A-D B subuláta Ach. 15635 unciális Ach. subulate stiff slightly bran. 2 all sea. Liv.br woods rigid smooth 1 wint. Pa.G moors Dil. musc. t. 16. f.21. A.B Eng. bot. t. 174 15636 rangiferína Ach. rein-deer much branch. 2 all sea. Hoa. woods Eng. bot. t. 173 ẞ pun'gens Ach. 15637 vermiculáris Ach. vermicular 15619 pungent branched tuft 2 all sea. Gr commons Eng. bot. 2444 little tufts 15622 1 sum. W 15625 high mount. Eng. bot. t. 2029 15626 15630 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, snow. On the destruction of forests by fire, when no other plant will find nutriment, this Lichen springs up and flourishes, and, after a few years, acquires its greatest size. Here the rein-deer are pastured, and whatever may be the depth of snow during the long winters of that climate, they have the power of penetrating it, and ORD. VIII. TRIBE II.

LICHENS CENOTHALAMI. ++ Thallus foliaceous. Podetia fistular dilated upwards and fertile, or sterile and subulate. Apothecia closed with a membrane. SCYPHOPHORA. * Apothecia fuscous or pallid. 15619 Thallus foliaceov s very pale glaucous green the segments subpalmated ascending obtuse and incurved, Podetia elongated turbinate all cup-bearing smooth the cups regular crenate with the margin at length leafy and proliferous, Apothecia brown 15620 Thallus foliaceous large glaucous yellow green white beneath the segments multifid waved crenate crisped, Podetia turbinate elongate mostiy simple, Apothecia marginal reddish-brown 15621 Thallus foliaceous glaucous green segments erect multifid narrow repando-subdentate, Podetia cylinfoliaceous glaucous green: segments erect multifid narrow repando-subdentate, Podetia cylindrical short glabrous dingy at length black all of them cup-bearing: cups small regular dilated entire nearly plane proliferous from the centre, Apothecia marginal sessile brownish-black 15622 Thallus foliaceous: segments crenulated ascending, Podetia all turbinate elongate cup-shaped glabrous at length granulat. warty rough grey. green : cups regular; the margin at length prolifer. Apoth. brown 15623 Thallus foliaceous the segments small crenate, Podetia elongate cylindrical cup-bearing sometimes subufoliaceous: the segments small crenate, Podetia elongate cylindrical cup-bearing sometimes subulate slightly pulverul. white: cups regular their margins ent. and crenat, at length prolifer. Apoth. brown ß Podetia elongated powdery white, Scyphæ radiant at edge Podetia elongated powdery white, Scyphæ radiant at edge Podetia elongate subulate simple or branched pulverulent white sterile or with reddish apothecia 15624 Thallus foliaceous, Segments broadish crenulate cut, Podetia longish smooth somewhat warted glaucous Thallus foliaceous, Segments broadish crenulate cut, Podetia longish smooth somewhat warted glaucous Thallus foliaceous ash-colored brittle: segments imbricated minute crenate, Podetia cylindrical rough and foliaceous: cups turbinate closed at length dilated and radiated, Apothecia marginal sessile or stalked brownish-black or whitish green, Apothecia irregular torn into rays proliferous at edge 15625 Thallus foliaceous, Segments small crenate, Podetia long subulate sterile and fertile smooth livid-brown, Apothecia cup-shaped toothed at edge occasionally proliferous Thallus foliaceous very minute, Podetia elongate subulate sterile and cup-bearing smth. greenish brown : cups toothed at the margin at length proliferous, Apothecia brown ** Apothecia scarlet or deep red. 15626 Thallus foliaceous small: segm. inciso-lobate crenate, Podetia cylindr. simple and somew. branch. at the extremity greenish white granulated rarely cup-bear.; cups narr. at length radiat. Apoth. minute scarlet 15627 Thallus foliaceous small segments expanded rounded crenate beneath as well as on the cylindrical yellow foliaceous small: segments expanded rounded crenate beneath as well as on the cylindrical yellow green cup-bearing, Podetia pulverulent: cups narrow small at length large with the often branched numerous digitate or rayed prolifications tipped with the bright scarlet apothecia 15628 Thallus foliaceous minute: segments broadish cut crenate naked beneath, Podetia long thick subventricose sulphur-colored slightly pulverulent cup-bearing: cups narrow crenato-dentate at length dilated and jagged, Apothecia sessile and pedunculate scarlet 15629 Thallus foliaceous minute: segm. rounded crenate nak. beneath, Podetia elongated turbinate naked nearly pale yellow or greyish green all cup-bearing, cups with their margins spreading fertile, Apothecia large at length stalked scarlet ẞ Pode. rather short cup-bearing: cups dilat. crisp.and foliac. term. by the scarlet stalk. Apoth. at leng. prolif. 15630 Thallus foliaceous minute : the segm. inciso-crenate naked beneath, Podetia elongate cylindr. rigid glabr. Thallus foliaceous minute: the segm. incisocrenate naked beneath, Podetia elongate cylindr. rigid glabr. foliaceo-squamose pale all cup-bear.: cups narr. their margins fertile and prolifer. Apoth. crowd. scarlet +++ Thallus foliaceous. Podetia fistular dilated upwards and fertile. Apothecia pervious. SCHASMARIA. 15631 Thallus foliac. minute lobed and crenated, Podetia elongated branch. subventr. granulat. rough with leafy Thallus foliac. minute lobed and crenated, Podetia elongated branch. subventr. granulat. rough with leafy scales cup-bearing: cups irregular pervious dentato-radiate proliferous, Apothecia stalked pale brown ++++ Thallus foliaceous. Podetia somewhat fistular, cylindrical, simple, split at end or digitate. Rays all fertile. HELOPODIA. 15632 Thallus foliaceous with minute granular lobes, Podetia smooth granular pallid divided at end: divisions very short, Apothecia clustered brownish black +++++ Thallus foliaceous, scarcely any. Podetia cartilaginous, rigid, fistular, all tapering subulate branched. Axillæ generally bored through. CLADONIA. 15633 Podetia elongated smooth at length scaly greenish white inflated curved branched, Branches lax subsecund their extremities divergent spinulose, Apothecia pale brown 15634 Podetia elongated smooth livid brown dichotomous, Axils not perforated, Branches narr. subulate curved the extremities forked divergent: fertile ones with brown apothecia Podetia elong. slender sparingly branch. Branches nearly erect: fertile bran. with brown capitate apoth. 15635 Podetia elongate glabr. pale dichotomous: the axils perforated open extremities of the branches patent Podetia elongate glabr. pale dichotomous : the axils perforated open; extremities of the branches patent short acute and rigid, Apothecia small terminal brown 15636 Podetia elongate cylindr. erect roughish hoary branched: axils often perforated, Branches scattered very much divided spreading the ultimate ones subradiate or drooping, Apothecia subglobose clustered brown B Podetia cinereous dichotomously branched rigid forming a cushion-like tuft, Axillæ not bored through, Podetia cinereous dichotomously branched rigid forming a cushion-like tuft, Axillæ not bored through, End of branches mucronate diverging brownish ++++++ Thallus none. Podetia soft, subsolid, subulate, somewhat branched. Axillæ not bored through. CERANIA. 15637 Podetia subulate nearly simple smooth very white subfistulose flexuose prostrate 15632 15635 15636 15636 β and Miscellaneous Particulars. obtaining their necessary food. Linnæus has given a beautiful description of this Lichen, and of the animals whose support it is, in the Flora Lapponica, p. 332. C. pyxidata is sometimes employed by the poor in the cure of the hooping-cough. rosy rufous 2350. BÆO'MYCES. Ach. BEOMYCES. 15638 róseus Ach. 15639 rúfus Ach. 15640 microphýllus E. B. small-leaved CRYPTOGAMIA. granulated powdery Sp. 4-10. sum.

Gsh sum. Gsh imbric. patch 3 wint. D.G wet heaths CLASS XXIV.

Eng. bot. t. 374 E. bot. t.373. L.byssoides Eng. bot. 1782 15641 cæspitítius E. B. turfy leafy tuft 3 aut.

Pa. G oaks Eng. bot. 1796 2351. ISI DIUM. Ach.

ISIDIUM.

Sp. 5-11. 15642 microsticticum Hoo. small tartareous aut. Brsh rocks Eng. bot. 2243 15643 corállinum Ach. coralloid crowded patc. aut.

Grsh rocks Eng. bot. 1541 15644 Westrin'gii Ach.

Westring's cracked crustaut.

Grsh rocks Eng. bot. 2204 15645 phymatódes Ach. bladdery ẞ phragmæ'um Ach. buff powderycrust 3 wint.

Pa.Su. stems, old tr. powderycrust 3 wint.

Y.Ol stems, old tr. E.b.1529. Lepr.lutescens 15646 coccódes Ach. cracked powderycrust 2 aut.

Pa. Ol park pales Eng. bot. 1511 2352. STEREOCAU'LON. Ach. STEREOCAULON.

Sp. 1-6. 15647 paschále Ach. Easter branch. tufts 2 all sea. Grsh mountains Eng. bot. 282 2353. SPHÆRO PHORON. Ach. 15648 coralloídes Ach. coralloid 15649 frágile Ach.

SPHÆROPHERON.

Sp. 3-14. bushy 1½ all sea. Pa. Br rocks Eng. bot. t. 115 brittle bushy 1 all sea. Grsh rocks Eng. bot. t. 2474 15650 compréssum Ach. compressed bushy 1 all sea. Wsh rocks E. bot. t. 114. L. fragilis HOMOTHALAMI. 2354. ALECTO'RIA. Ach. ALECTORIA. 15651 jubáta Ach.

Sp. 2-7. mane-like long tufts 3 wint. Br on fir trees Eng. bot. t. 1880 ẞ chalybiifórmis Ach. long tufts 3 wint. Gr. Bl on fir trees 15652 sarmentósa Ach. sarmentose much branch. 2 wint. Pa. Y mountains Eng. bot. t. 2040 2355. RAMALI'NA. Ach. RAMALINA.

Sp. 5-19. 15653 fraxínea Ach. ashen loose tufts 2 all sea. Grsh bran. of trees Eng. bot. t. 1781 15654 fastigiáta Ach. clustered loose tufts 2 all sea. Gl. rocks & trees Eng. bot. t. 890 B calicáris Ach. calyx-like loose tufts 1½ all sea. Gl. rocks & trees 15655 scopulórum Ach. ivory loose tufts 1½ all sea. Y. Gr marinerocks Eng. bot. t. 688 15656 farinácea Ach. mealy bushy tufts 2 all sea. Grsh trun. of trees Eng. bot. t. 889 15657 pollinária Ach. powdery bushy patch 3 all sea. Bt. G old oaks Eng. bot. 1607 2356. CORNICULA RIA. Ach.

CORNICULARIA.

Sp. 7-16. 15658 trisétis Ach. dingy shrubby 1 all sea. Dp. Br alpine rocks Eng. bot. t. 720 15659 aculeáta Ach. prickly shrubby 1 all sea. Ches. Highl. mou.

ẞ spadicea Ach. brown shrubby 1 all sea. Ches.

Highl. mou. E. bot. t. 452. L.hispidus 15660 bícolor Ach. 15661 ochroleúca Ach. two-colored pale-yellow shrubby shrubby 1 all sea. Bl Highl. mou. Eng. bot. t. 1853 1½ all sea. Pa. Y Highl. mou. Eng. bot. t. 2374 15638 15640 15643 15644 15641 15647 15648 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 15650 2350. Bæomyces. From βaios, small, and μuκης, a fungus, a name well applied to this genus, which much resembles some minute kinds of Agaricus or Helvella. 2351. Isidium. From 1005, equal, in allusion, we presume, to the small difference which exists in size between the podetia and the substance of the frond. 2352. Stereocaulon. From σερεoς, hard, and κauλov, a stem, a name well adapted to express the peculiarities of this genus. Its firm branching frond is fitted to occupying the interstices of crumbling granite, and the cells of volcanic scoriæ. It is the first of its tribe which clothes the lava of volcanoes in a state of state of decay. 2353. Sphærophoron. From σφaiρa, a globe, and φερω, to bear, in reference to the globular fructification. The most elegant genus of Lichens, at once known by its branched bushy smooth habit, like that of a coralline.

ORD. VIII. TRIBE II. LICHENS CENOTHALAMI. 15638 Crust unif. granulat. greenish white, Podetia very short cylindr. Apoth. subglob. wrinkl. pale flesh-color 15639 Crust uniform rugose granulat. and pulverulent greenish white, Podetia very short somewhat compressed, Apothecia flattish at the top sometimes conglomerate reddish brown 15640 Leaves minute somewhat imbricated rounded nearly entire, Podetia simple tubular smooth 15641 Thallus clustered ascending leafy pinnatif. cut and crisped: bright green above; white beneath, Tubercles from the disk of leaves convex reddish brown 15642 Crust tartareous cracked smoothish nearly even of a brownish cream-color thinner towards the edges, Podetia scattered short hemispherical simple of the same color as the crust, Apothecia brownish 15643 Crust tartareous greyish white, Podetia at length elongat. round. simple or branch. Apoth. brownish-grey 15644 Crust tartarecus thin unequal cracked and greyish, Podetia subglobose at length cylindrical simple and 15645 Crust cracked areolate warty a little powdery unequal pale sulphur-color, Podetia becoming cylindrical branched, Apothecia dark-brown simple and branched, Apothecia yellowish brown Crust powdery sulphureous-green, Podetia roundish of the same color, Apothecia pale yellow 15646 Crust somewhat cracked powdery and hoary, Podetia subglobose papillæform very close together, Apothecia brown hoary 15647 Thallus greyish branch. and rough with granulat, excrescences, Branches crowded and very much divided, Apothecia scattered and terminal at length convex conglomerate blackish brown 15648 Thallus palish-brown, Branches lateral elongate lax divaricat, and forked acumi. Apoth. subglobose smth. 15649 Thallus greyish branched, Branches dichotomous short crowded fastigiate naked rounded rather obtuse, Apothecia globoso-turbinate somewhat warted 15650 Thallus whit branch. Branc. compress. ramulose subfibrill, naked, Apoth. subglob. depress. and smth. above HOMOTHALAMI. 15651 Thallus rounded somewhat shining livid-brown very much branched, Branches filiform compressed at the axils, Apothecia of the same color, at length convex entire at the margin ẞ Thallus and subsimple branches flexuose or tortuose complicated rather rigid greyish-black decumbent 15652 Thallus roundish angular somewhat pitted dichotomous pale-yellowish: the extremities much branched lax and slender, Apothecia rather concave livid pruinose, at length flattened 15653 Thallus plane linear laciniated greyish-white glabrous but rugose and pitted subreticulated: the ultimate branches attenuated, Apothecia mostly marginal plane pale flesh-colored 15654 Thallus compressed glabrous pitted branched glauc. white, Branches thickened and fastigiated upwards, Apothecia numerous terminal peltate subsessile white ẞ Thallus and branches elongated, Branchlets cylindrical attenuated pitted and channelled, Apothecia subterminal appendiculated beneath 15655 Thallus compressed glabrous somewhat pitted branched yellowish-grey, Branches linear attenuated, 15656 Thallus compressed glabrous somewhat pitted bearing powdery warts rigid branched greyish or greenishwhite, Branches linear attenuated, Apothecia scattered on short stalks plane somew. margin. whitish 15657 Thallus flat somewhat membranous smooth a little pitted white torn, occasionally powdery with dilated flat soredia, Apothecia nearly terminal very large Apothecia scattered on short stalks of the same color as the thallus 15658 Thallus deep pitchy-brown rounded or subcompressed smoothish distichously dichotomous, Branches fastigiate black above, Apothecia plano-convex blackish-brown somew. marginated entire and toothed 15659 Thallus glabrous chesnut-brown round. angular pitted and subcompressed naked, Branches and branchl. divaricated flexuose aculeated, Apothecia reddish-brown: the circumference somewhat toothed Thallus glabrous chesnut-colored plano-compressed somewhat pitted with the margins denticulate, Branches and branchlets short patent attenuated, Apothecia spinose-radiate reddish-brown 15660 Thallus black rounded capill. suberect branched, Branches fine short. scatter. pat.: extrem. curved grey. 15661 Thallus glabrous pale yellowish-white roundish suberect branched, Branches short attenuated blackish at the points, Apothecia brownish pale in the circumference 15651 15654 15658 15660 15656 15655 15657 and Miscellaneous Particulars. 15661 2354. Alectoria, seems to derive its name from aλεκτως, unmarried, because nothing has been made out respecting the male flowers. A. usneoides is a species which grow on trees in warm countries, such as Asia, Africa, and America, hanging down in branches from six to eighteen inches long it was used by the Arabian physicians as a cordial, and also for the purpose of procuring sleep. A. jupata occasionally supplies the reindeer with food; for which purpose the Laplanders cut down the trees, that the Lichen may be devoured from the topmost branches. 2355. Ramalina. This name does not appear to have any obvious meaning. The species are little bushy tufts generally covered with soredia. They are found in all parts of the world upon trees and rocks ; but chiefly upon the former. 2356. Cornicularia. So called in allusion to the multitude of little horn-like divisions into which the thallus is divided. Crustaceous branched tufts, with a solid axis. CRYPTOGAMIA. 15662 lanáta Ach. woolly shrubby all sea. Gr.Bl rocks CLASS XXIV.

Eng. bot. t. 846 15663 pubéscens Ach. pubescent entangl. tufts 3 aut. Bl rocks Eng. bot. t. 2318 15664 heteromálla E. B. variable rough patch 3 aut. BI bark of trees Eng. bot. 2246 2357. US' NEA. Ach. 15665 flórida Ach.

USNEA. flowering Sp. 3-10. erect 2 wint. Gsh old trees Eng. bot. t. 872 15666 plicáta Ach. plaited pendulous 4 wint. Gsh old trees Eng. bot. t. 257 B hírta Ach. hairy nearly erect 2 wint.

Gsh old trees Eng. bot. t. 1354 15667 barbáta Ach. bearded pendulous 4 wint. Gsh old trees Eng. bot. t. 258. f. 2 ẞ articulata Ach. jointed pendulous 4 wint. Gsh old trees Eng. bot. t. 258. f. 1 2358. COLLE'MA. Ach. COLLEMA.

Sp. 27-41. 15668 nígrum Ach. black regular patch 3 wet w. Bl.G calcar. rocks Eng. bot. 1161 15669 cheíleum Ach. lipped round. patch 1 wet w. Bl. G roots of trees 15670 frágrans Ach. fragrant small patches wet w. D.Ol trun. of elms Eng. bot. 1912 15671 críspum Ach. crisp round. patch. wet w. Gl. 15672 ténax Ach. tough lobed tuft 1 wet w. G 15673 plicátile Ach. plaited lobed tuft 1 wet w. Ol.G on the grou. Eng. bot. 834 moist places Eng. bot. 2349 wet rocks Eng. bot. 2348 15674 fluviále Ach. floating many-parted wet w. Br calcar, rocks Eng. bot. 2039 15675 melæ'num Ach. blackish starry wet w. Br B marginále Ach. marginal imbric. lobes 1 sum. 01 Highlands Eng. bot. 1924 15676 fasciculáre Ach. fascicled roundish 2 aut.wi. Br trun. of trees Eng. bot. 1162 15677 cretáceum Ach. cretaceous minute dots 15678 corrugátum Ach. wrinkled