Lilium
(the old Latin name, akin to Greek Leinon, a Lily). Lily. ORD. Liliaceoe. This well-known genus comprises about forty-five species of hardy, half-hardy, or greenhouse bulbs, natives of the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. Flowers large, showy, either solitary at the tops of the stems, or many (or few) in a loose raceme; perianth deciduous, funnel-shaped or sub-campanulate; segments free, variable in shape, erect, spreading or reflexed; stamens six, hypogynous; racemes rarely sub-ramose, often spreading or pendulous, rarely erect. Leaves very variable, from rotundate-cordate to lanceolate or linear, sometimes arranged in regular whorls, sometimes having bulblets in the axils. Stems erect, leafy, simple, or rarely branched at apex. Bulbs various, mostly presenting the usual type of fleshy, imbricated, lanceolate scales, but rarely thick, wrapped in large membranous tunics. The species are amongst the most beautiful and ornamental of cultivated bulbous plants, their stately habit and variously-coloured flowers (which are, in many cases, highly perfumed) rendering them indispensable subjects for greenhouse decoration, and for outside flower-garden embellishment. Nearly all the species and varieties may be termed hardy in most localities, if provided with a well-drained soil. As a precaution against injury to the bulbs from frost, it is well to cover them all the winter with a mound of ashes or cocoa-nut fibre, removing it again in spring. Valuable or scarce sorts should not be trusted outside permanently, unless their hardiness has been previously proved. The commoner and more plentiful species may be effectively employed for grouping or naturalising. Many of them are excellent border plants when in flower, being extremely attractive in mixed arrangements, if properly placed in respect of height. Many of the strong-growing Lilies are well adapted for planting amongst shrubs, where the latter are not too thickly placed. By growing a selection of species in pots, to flower at different times, a valuable addition to greenhouse decorative subjects is secured over a long period, in summer and autumn. Liliums are annually imported, in immense quantities, from Japan, particularly L. auratum. This is one of the best for pot culture, and one which succeeds well, planted outside, in peat beds, where the primary occupants, such as Azaleas, Rhododendrons, &c., preserve the bulbs from injury by frost in winter, and the tender flower-stems from cold and rough winds in spring. Evergreen shrubs such as those named, amongst several others, are surface-rooting, and their foliage shades the soil beneath from hot sun, and keeps it cool, in summer, these conditions being also most favourable to Lily culture. L. bulbiferum, L. giganteum, L. longiflorum, and L. speciosum, with each of the varieties of the last-named, are well adapted for culture, in pots, along with L. auratum.
Propagation. Liliums may be increased by seeds, by offsets, and sometimes by small bulblets which form in the axils of the leaves; the bulb scales, too, may be turned to account in propagating rare or distinct varieties. Seeds should be sown, when ripe, in well-drained pans of sandy peat, then slightly covered with similar soil and a layer of moss, and placed in a cool frame. They do not vegetate, as a rule, for several months; and, as it takes from four to six years to grow from seed bulbs large enough to produce flowers, the process is a slow one. The usual method of increase is by offsets, which are produced, in many instances, in great abundance round the old bulb, or amongst its scales. More than one flower-stem is often produced, and this has a tendency to cause the formation of a bulb for each, which may be detached for propagating purposes. Offsets vary in size, according to the species; they should be planted a few inches apart, in a prepared bed, and encouraged to grow quickly into flowering sizes. L. bulbiferum and L. tigrinum bear, in the axils of the leaves, quantities of bulblets, illustrations of which are shown in Fig. 410. They may be easily collected in summer, and, if planted like offsets, will soon grow, and eventually form flowering bulbs. Cultivation. Where soils are light and naturally well drained, the few special requirements of different Lilies may be readily met by the addition of fresh soil at planting time--heavier or lighter, as the case may be. Nearly all the species prefer peat, and, where plenty of this is obtainable, some may, with advantage, be used, along with loam and leaf mould, or some other light manure. L. candidum prefers rather heavy loam, which should be of a good depth. It succeeds best on such soil when left alone for years in succession without being disturbed at the root. The beautiful pure white flowers of this common species are very attractive, early in summer. L. tigrinum, and its varieties, succeed in almost any position, as they are extremely hardy; the quality and size of their flowers are, however, very much superior when the soil is made rich, and plenty of water is given in summer. L. Humboldtii, L. Martagon, L. monadelphum, and L. Washingtonianum, amongst others, prefer moderately heavy loamy soil; L. Catesboei, L. Leichtlinii, L. paradalinum, L. philadelphicum, and L. tenuifolium, may be recommended for planting in peaty soil in moist situations. Liliums prefer a partial shade, but not a position overhung with trees. Protection from high winds is also an important point with plants growing to such a height as these. Early autumn, after the stems have ripened off, is the best time for lifting or replanting. Lily bulbs should not be allowed to lie out of the ground, or be exposed to the weather, longer than can possibly be helped. They are, as described above, mostly composed of a number of fleshy scales which contract and become withered under the drying influence of the open air. This alone is a sufficient explanation of the numerous failures with purchased bulbs--the length of time they may have been stored in the seedsmen's shops. From 4in. to 6in. is a suitable depth for planting. A number of roots proceed from the stem above the bulb each year, and a less depth than this would not allow of their being covered with soil. A mulching of rotten manure, and plenty of water, are of great assistance in developing the flowers, if applied as soon as they are sufficiently advanced to be seen. The flower shoots should not be cut off before they have thoroughly ripened.
Cultivation in Pots. As previously remarked, a few of the Liliums are indispensable conservatory plants, and must, consequently, be amenable to culture in pots. Loam and peat, in about equal parts, with some charcoal or sharp sand added, will be a suitable compost. Potting should be performed when the bulbs are at rest in autumn. Those which are imported are largely cultivated in this way, but they seldom have the strength and solidity of those which are home grown; the latter are, however, much more expensive. A very large proportion of the imported bulbs of L. auratum never live to flower. Unfortunately, they have the appearance of being sound, and of good quality, on arrival; but the possibility of their being collected and packed in an immature state, and the injurious effect consequent on travelling, have each their evil results in causing the bulbs to rot when they are placed in soil. It is best to defer purchasing until towards spring, as then there is a likelihood of the bulbs being at least better ripened, and in a more suitable condition for starting quickly. They should be placed singly in well-drained pots, half filled with light soil, and be only partially covered. The cause of evil, to be frequently looked for and removed, is the presence of a fungus amongst the scales, which causes them, and also the base, to get rotten. A little dry, pounded charcoal should be shaken amongst the scales, and placed beneath each bulb, when potting. Only a slight syringing occasionally will be required until growth commences--a time which will be indicated by the appearance of roots, and the formation of a shoot in the centre. The pots may then be filled up, or the bulbs transferred to larger ones, if those in which they are already placed are less than 6in. in diameter. In either case, deep potting should be the aim, as it is very important that the upper roots should be in contact with good soil. As the flowering stage arrives, liquid manure may be given with advantage, but it should not be applied previous to this. Any imported Liliums should be treated at first as above described; those which are home grown do not usually require such precautions to induce them to start. After flowering is over, the plants should be placed in the open air, water being gradually withheld as they begin to ripen. Those intended for late summer flowering may be grown in a shady position outside, after the middle of May. Repotting for the succeeding year should be practised in the autumn, and the pots, with their contents, stored, during winter, in a cool, but not over-dry, place.
Mr. Baker's admirable analysis of the present genus, by the help of which the correct name of any species in cultivation may be determined, is given below:
SUB-GENUS I. Cardiocrinum.
Perianth funnel-shaped, with oblanceolate segments, falcate only at the apex. Leaves stalked, cordate-ovate. . . . . L. cordifolium Perianth funnel-shaped, with oblanceolate segments, falcate only at the apex. Leaves stalked, cordate-ovate. . . . . L. giganteum.
SUB-GENUS II. Eulirion.
Perianth funnel-shaped, with oblanceolate segments, which are falcate only at the apex. Leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile or nearly so.
Tube scarcely widened from the base to the middle. . . . . L. longiflorum Tube scarcely widened from the base to the middle. . . . . L. neilgherrense
Tube scarcely widened from the base to the middle. . . . . L. philippense Tube scarcely widened from the base to the middle. . . . . L. Wallichianum. Tube gradually narrowing from the base to the neck. Leaves scattered. . L. candidum Tube gradually narrowing from the base to the neck. Leaves scattered. . L. japonicum Tube gradually narrowing from the base to the neck. Leaves scattered. . L. Krameri Tube gradually narrowing from the base to the neck. Leaves scattered. . L. nepalense. Leaves in whorls. . . . . L. Parryi Leaves in whorls. . . . . L. Washingtonianum.
SUB-GENUS III. Archelirion.
Perianth open, funnel-shaped, with deeply-spreading segments, which are broadest below the middle; stamens diverging from the curved style.
Leaves sessile. . . . . L. oxypetalum. Leaves sessile. . . . . L. tigrinum. Leaves shortly stalked. . . . L. auratum Leaves shortly stalked. . . . L. speciosum
SUB-GENUS IV. Isolirion.
Perianth erect, with segments which are falcate in the extended flower, but not revolute; stamens diverging on all sides from the straight style.
Leaves in whorls. . . . . L. medeoloides Leaves in whorls. . . . . L. philadelphicum
Leaves scattered. Style shorter than ovary. . . . . L. concolor.
Style longer than the ovary. . L. bulbiferum Style longer than the ovary. . L. Catesbaei Style longer than the ovary. . L. croceum Style longer than the ovary. . L. davuricum Style longer than the ovary. . L. elegans.
SUB-GENUS V. Martagon.
Perianth cernuous, with the segments very revolute; stamens diverging on all sides from the curved style.
Leaves in whorls. American species. Bulbs annual, bearing rhizomes. . . . . L. canadense Leaves in whorls. American species. Bulbs annual, bearing rhizomes. . . . . L. nitidum Leaves in whorls. American species. Bulbs annual, bearing rhizomes. . . . . L. pardalinum Leaves in whorls. American species. Bulbs annual, bearing rhizomes. . . . . L. Razlei Leaves in whorls. American species. Bulbs annual, bearing rhizomes. . . . . L. superbum. Leaves in whorls. Bulbs perennial, hardly rhizomiferous. . . . . L. columbianum Leaves in whorls. Bulbs perennial, hardly rhizomiferous. . . . . L. Humboldtii.
Leaves in whorls. Old World species. . . L. avenaceum Leaves in whorls. Old World species. . . L. Hansoni Leaves in whorls. Old World species. . . L. Martagon.
Leaves scattered Leaves lanceolate, many-nerved. Perianth falcate above the middle L. monadelphum. Leaves scattered Leaves lanceolate, many-nerved. Perianth revolute to below the middle. . . . . L. carniolicum Leaves scattered Leaves lanceolate, many-nerved. Perianth revolute to below the middle. . . . . L. polyphyllum.
Leaves scattered Leaves narrowly linear, with one or few nerves. Segments of the perianth from six to twelve lines broad in the middle. . . . . . L. Leichtlinii Leaves scattered Leaves narrowly linear, with one or few nerves. Segments of the perianth from six to twelve lines broad in the middle. . . . . . L. pseudo-tigrinum Leaves scattered Leaves narrowly linear, with one or few nerves. Segments of the perianth from six to twelve lines broad in the middle. . . . . . L. testaceum. Leaves scattered Segments of the perianth from three to six lines broad in the middle. . . . . L. callosum Leaves scattered Segments of the perianth from three to six lines broad in the middle. . . . . L. chalcedonicum Leaves scattered Segments of the perianth from three to six lines broad in the middle. . . . . L. pomponium Leaves scattered Segments of the perianth from three to six lines broad in the middle. . . . . L. tenuifolium.
SUB-GENUS VI. Notholirion.
Stigma trifld (in all the representatives of the other sub-genera, the stigma is only faintly three-lobed). . . . . L. Hookeri Stigma trifld (in all the representatives of the other sub-genera, the stigma is only faintly three-lobed). . . . . L. roseum.
L. alternans (alternating). A garden synonym of L. elegans brevifolium.
L. aurantiacum (orange-red). A synonym of L. elegans.
L. aurantiacum (orange-red), of gardens. A synonym of L. elegans bicolor. L. auratum (golden).* Golden-rayed Lily of Japan. fl. ivory-white, with a distinct central band of bright yellow and numerous deep purple spots, the lower part copiously papillose, from 10in. to 12in. across when expanded; raceme deltoid, often twenty-flowered; peduncles rigidly erecto-patent. Summer. l. about thirty at the flowering time, spreading or deflexed, linear-lanceolate; the lower ones 6in. to 9in. long, nine to fifteen lines broad below the middle, acuminate. Stem 2ft. to 4ft. high, rigid, erect, purplish-green, terete. Japan, 1862. A really splendid plant, of which a large number of varieties are in cultivation (B. M. 5338; F. d. S. 1528-31; I. H. ix. 338; R. H. 1867, 371.)
L. autumnale (autumnal). A synonym of L. superbum carolinianum.
L. avenaceum (Oat-like). fl. few, sometimes sub-umbellate, on pedicels 2in. to 3in. long; perianth fine reddish-yellow, slightly scented, 1 1/4in. to 1 1/2in. long; segments lanceolate, about 1/2in. broad, cucullate at apex, minutely dotted. l. horizontal, oblanceolate, 3in. to 4in. long, 1/2in. to 1 1/2in. broad, glabrous, tender, sometimes partly whorled. Stem glabrous, terete, 1 1/2ft. to 2ft. high. Japan, &c., 1865. (R. G. 485.)
L. Bloomerianum (Bloomer's). A synonym of L. Humboldtii.
L. Brownii (Brown's). A synonym of L. japonicum Brownii.
L. bulbiferum (bulb-bearing).* fl. red, slightly cottony on the outside, 2in. to 2 1/2in. long, permanently erect; raceme sometimes congested into an umbel, twelve to eighteen-flowered. Summer. l. irregularly scattered, fifty to sixty to a stem at the flowering time, linear, erecto-patent, sessile, the upper ones bearing clustered or solitary, stalked or sessile, chestnut-brown bulblets in their axils. Stem 2ft. to 4ft. high, rigid, erect, sulcate, pubescent. Bulb ovoid, the outer scales 1in. deep. Europe, 1820. A very desirable garden plant. (B. M. 1018; J. F. A. 226.)
L. bulbiferum (bulb-bearing), of De Candolle. A synonym of L. croceum. L. callosum (callous-bracted). fl. bright scarlet, drooping, 1 1/4in. to 1 1/2in. deep, about a dozen in a narrow, regular, thyrsoid raceme; peduncles 1in. to 1 1/2in. long, subtended by a pair of small bracts, which are curiously indurated, and hood-shaped at the tip. Summer. l. ascending, about thirty to a stem at the flowering time; lower ones 4in. to 5in. long, scarcely over 1/8in. broad at the middle, having a long acute point; edge slightly recurved. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, moderately slender, sub-terete. Japan, 1840. (S. Z. F. J. ix. 41.)
L. canadense (Canadian).* fl. varying in colour from bright yellow to pale bright red, with copious spots, especially in the lower two-thirds, of purplish-red corymbose, pendulous; perianth 2in. to 2 1/2in. long, the divisions much less reflexed than those of L. Martagon. Summer. l. typically in four or five regular whorls, 2in. to 3in. apart, of six to fifteen oblanceolate leaves, spreading nearly horizontally, narrowed gradually to an acute point. Stem 1 1/2ft. to 3ft. high, erect, terete. Bulb more or less obliquely rhizomatous. North America, 1829. SYN. L. penduliflorum. (B. M. 800, 858; F. d. S. 1174.)
L. c. parvum (small). fl. loosely corymbose, drooping, on very slender pedicels 3in. to 4in. long; perianth bright orange-red, 1in. to 1 1/4in. long, the tube greenish externally, the segments oblanceolate, spotted with dark red-purple about the throat. June. l. scattered or whorled, or both, on the same stem, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1 1/2in. to 2in. long. Stem slender, 1 1/2ft. to 2ft. high. California. (B. M. 6146; R. G. 725.)
L. candidum (white).* St. Joseph's Lily. fl. pure pearl-white, very rarely tinged with purple on the outside, 2in. to 3in. long, the upper ones more or less ascending, the lower drooping; racemes from five to ten or even twenty-flowered, thyrsoid. June. l. six to two hundred, much crowded in the lower half, erecto-patent, linear, the lowest reaching 6in. to 8in. long, 1/2in. tc 1in. broad above the middle. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, stiff, erect, six to nine lines thick at the base. South Europe, 1596. A very handsome and common species. (B. M. 278.) L. c. peregrinum (foreign). fl. rather smaller than those of the type; divisions a little narrower. l. also narrower and fewer. The whole plant more slender in habit. SYN. L. peregrinum (under which name it is figured in S. B. F. G. ser. ii. 367).
L. c. spicatum (spicate). A garden form, with petaloid white bracts.
L. c. striatum (striated). fl. having the segments striped with purple externally. (F. d. S. 735.)
L. carniolicum (Carniolian). fl. bright orange-yellow, passing sometimes into scarlet, 1 1/2in. to 2in. long; peduncles 2in. to 3in. long. June and July. l. thirty to forty, always scattered, much-ascending, linear-lanceolate, acute, the edge minutely ciliated. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, stout, erect. Bulb ovoid, with lanceolate scales 1in. deep. South Europe, &c.
L. carolinianum (Carolina). A synonym of L. superbum carolinianum.
L. Catesbaei (Catesby's).* fl. bright orange-red, copiously spotted with purple, solitary, 3in. to 4in. long. Summer. l. never whorled, twenty to thirty, ascending, sessile; lower ones lanceolate, acute; the upper ones growing gradually smaller and narrower, and ceasing from 1in. to 2in. below the flower. Stem 1ft. to 2ft. high, slender, erect, straight. North America. (B. M. 259; L. B. C. 807; S. B. F. G. ser. ii. 185.)
L. chalcedonicum (Chalcedonian).* fl. bright scarlet, rarely yellowish, from one to six, sub-corymbose, pendulous; peduncles 2in. to 4in. long. Summer. l., at the flowering time, fifty to eighty, lower ones sub-patent, upper ones ascending, all scattered, linear. Stem stiff, erect, 2ft. to 3ft. high, striated. Greece, 1796.(B. M. 30; F. d. S. 2160.) An old and well-known garden favourite. There is a very desirable form, majus; and another, graecum, having smaller flowers, but a taller habit than the type.
L. colchicum (Colchican). A synonym of L. monadelphum Szovitsianum. L. columbianum (British Columbian). fl. two or three, umbellate, on slender pedicels 2in. to 4in. long; perianth of a splendid reddish-orange, 1 1/2in. to 2in. long, the lanceolate segments dotted with purple and reflexed. l. few; lower ones disposed in four or five-leaved whorls; upper ones sparse, oblanceolate, acute, 1 1/2in. to 2in. long, about 1/2in. broad. Stem 1 1/2ft. to 2ft. high, slender, glabrous. Oregon, British Columbia, 1872.
L. concolor (one-coloured). fl. bright scarlet, 1 1/2in. to 2in. long, disposed in corymbs of five or six; peduncles erecto-patent. Summer. l. twenty to thirty at the flowering time, scattered irregularly, spreading, lanceolate, the lower ones 3in. to 4in. long, narrowed to both ends. Stem 1ft. to 3ft. high, erect, sub-terete, obscurely pubescent. Bulb ovoid, about 1in. deep. China, 1806. (B. M. 1165.) SYN. L. sinicum (F. d. S. 1206; I. H. 100).
L. c. Buschianum (Busch's).* fl. splendid scarlet, lower portion of segments bearing numerous small black spots. L. narrow, deep green. Southern Siberia. (L. B. C. 1628; B. M. 6005, under name of L. c. sinicum.)
L. c. coridion (Coridion). fl. bright yellow, scattered over, principally on the lower half of the face, with distinct reddish-brown-spots, solitary. Japan. (R. G. 885.)
L. c. Partheneion (Partheneion). fl. bright red-yellow, faintly spotted on the face, solitary. Japan.
L. c. pulchellum (pretty). fl. bright scarlet, with a few faint spots of black, erect, twelve to fourteen lines long, solitary in the wild plants, but produced in half-dozens under cultivation. l. twenty to thirty at the flowering time, scattered irregularly, narrow-linear, ascending. Stems slender, 6in. to 12in. high, slightly sulcate. Bulb ovoid, about the size of a hazel-nut; the scales few, fleshy, ovate, snow-white. Mongolia, &c., 1834. A very pretty little variety, rarely seen in cultivation. SYN. L. pulchellum.(R. G. 1860, 284)
L. c. sinicum (Chinese). A synonym of L. c. Buschianum. L. cordifolium (heart-shape-leaved).* fl. white, yellow, purple; perianth narrow, funnel-shaped; racemes four to ten-flowered; pedicels floriferous, spreading; anthers yellow. August. l., primordial ones tinged with blood-colour; stem ones deeply cordate, on long petioles. Stem 3ft. to 4ft. high. Japan, 1853. SYN. Ilemerocallis cordata.
L. coruscans (glittering). A garden synonym of L. elegans atrosanguineum.
L. croceum (yellow).* fl. disposed in deltoid or umbellate racemes; perianth erect, broadly funnel-shaped; segments beautiful golden, slightly scarlet-tinted. July. l. scattered, clustered, spreading, or at length lightly squarrose, linear; inferior ones sessile, glabrous, firm. Stem 3ft. to 6ft. high, purple-spotted, more or less cobwebby. South Europe. SYN. L. bulbiferum (of De Candolle) (under which name it is figured in B. M. 36).
L. davuricum (Dahurian).* fl. umbellate or shortly racemose; perianth beautiful scarlet; pedicels naked or lightly cobwebby. July. l. sessile, linear, trinerved. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, slender, green. Siberia, 1745. SYNS. L. pennsylvanicum (B. M. 872), L. spectabile (R. G. 349).(B. M. 1210; R. G. 740.)
L. elegans (elegant).* fl. pale scarlet-red, scarcely at all spotted, from 5in. to 6in. across when expanded. July. l. broader than in the other forms, lanceolate, sometimes 1in. wide, without bulblets in their axils. Stem one or two-headed. Japan, 1835. SYNS. L. aurantiacum (P. M. B. vii. 127), L. lancifolium, L. Thunbergianum (B. R. 1839, 38).
L. e. alutaceum (ornamentally-dotted). fl. solitary; perianth pale apricot colour; interior of segments copiously dotted with purple. Stem dwarf. SYN. L. Thunbergianum aureum nigromaculatum (under which name it is figured in F. d. S. 1627).
L. e. armeniacum (apricot-colour).* fl. golden-spotted, one or two. l. thirty to forty; inferior ones linear. Stem under 1ft. high. L. e. atrosanguineum (dark red).* fl. very often solitary; segments broad, blotched with red. SYN. L. coruscans, of gardens.
L. e. bicolor (two-coloured). fl. orange-red, with purplish-black spots. 1870. SYN. L. aurantiacum, of gardens.
L. e. brevifolium (short-leaved). fl., perianth pale red, black-spotted. July. l. shorter and broader than in the type. Japan. SYN. L. alternans, of gardens.
L. e. citrinum (orange-coloured). This scarcely differs from L. e. armeniacum. (F. d. S. 2319.)
L. e. fulgens (bright). A variety having flowers blotched with red. (I. H. 657.) Batemanni is a splendid form of this.
L. e. pardinum (leopard-spotted). This variety scarcely differs from L. e. bicolor, but the stem is taller, and the flowers are umbellate.
L. e. sanguineum (blood-coloured).* fl., segments blood-red, mixed with golden. L. lanceolate. Stem 1ft. to 1 1/2ft. high. (B. R. 1846, 50.)
Other varieties are: haematochroum (I. H. 503), with deep claret-red flowers, and venustum (B. R. xxxii. 50), both with narrower leaves and more campanulate flowers.
L. excelsum (tall). A synonym of L. testaceum.
L. eximium (choice). A synonym of L. longiflorum eximium. L. giganteum (giant).* fl. white, slightly tinged with green on the outside, and with purple in the throat, funnel-shaped, 5in. to 6in. long, measuring about 1in. round at the base, saccate, especially on the lower side, and 5in. to 6in. round the neck when fully expanded, the segments spreading only at the very tip; raceme from six to twelve-flowered, and from 12in. to 20in. long. Summer. l. all, except the uppermost, distinctly stalked; the lower ones 6in. apart, with broad channelled petioles 1ft. or more long, clasping the stem broadly at the base; the blade broad cordate-ovate, reaching 1ft. or even 1 1/2ft. in length; upper leaves growing gradually smaller and closer till those beneath the raceme are not more than 3in. to 4in. long. Stem straight, erect, terete, 4ft. to 10ft. high, 1in. to 2in. in diameter in the lower part. Bulb as large as an apple, of fleshy, ovate, sub-patulous scales. Himalayas, 1852. A splendid species, hardy only in favoured spots in the South of England, &C.B. M. 4673.)
L. Hansoni (Hanson's).* fl. four to ten, disposed in a loose raceme, or in a crowded umbel, on erecto-patent pedicels, 1 1/2in. to 2in. long; perianth fine reddish-orange, 1 1/4in. to 1 1/2in. long, with thick, lanceolate, profoundly falcate-revolute, purple-dotted segments. l. oblanceolate, acute, tender, glabrous, often eight to twelve in one whorl at the middle of the stem, 4in. to 5in. long, 2/3in. to 1in. broad. Stem 3ft. to 4ft. high, slender, glabrous, terete. Japan, 1865.
L. Harrisii (Harris's). A synonym of L. longiflorum eximium.
L. Hookeri (Hooker's). This is the correct name of the plant described in this work as Fritillaria Hookeri.
L. Humboldtii (Humboldt's). fl. often six to ten, sometimes thirty or forty, disposed in a broad deltoid panicle; perianth of a splendid reddish-orange colour, greenish outside at base; segments copiously purple-veined, acute, closely reflexed. l. usually regularly verticillate, in ten to fifteen-foliate whorls, oblanceolate; lower ones 4in. to 5in. long, nearly 1in. broad. Stem terete, robust, 4ft. to 5ft. high, glabrous or puberulous, reddish-spotted. Bulb 2in. to 4in. thick. California, &c., 1872. SYN. L. Bloomerianum. (F. d. S. 1973-4; R. G. 724.) The variety ocellatum has a yellow perianth, conspicuously dotted with purple.
L. isabellinum (Isabel-coloured). A synonym of L. testaceum.
L. japonicum (Japanese).* fl. pure white within, but more or less tinged with purple on the outside, 5in. to 6in. long, more or less ascending, usually solitary in the wild plant, and not more than in twos or threes in the cultivated one; perianth broader round the neck than in L. longiflorum. Summer. l. twelve to twenty, scattered, more spreading than those of L. longiflorum, oblanceolate, the lower ones reaching 4in. to 6in. long, not distinctly petiolate. Stem 1ft. to 2ft. high, erect, stiff, terete. Japan, 1804. A very handsome but somewhat delicate species. (B. M. 1591; L. B. C. 438.) SYN. L. odorum (F. d. S. 876-7).
L. j. Brownii (Brown's). fl. sometimes three or four, 7in. to 8in. long, more drooping than those of the type, tinged with purple on the outside. Stem 3ft. to 4ft. high, marked with dark purple spots and streaks. (F. d. S. 47, 2248, under name of L. Brounii.)
L. Krameri (Kramer's).* fl. white, slightly reddish, sweet-scented; perianth horizontal, solitary, broadly funnel-shaped, 6in. to 7in. long, with oblanceolate-oblong segments. July. l. distant, sparse, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, very shortly petiolate, firm, 6in. to 9in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad. Stem 3in. to 4in. high, slender terete, glabrous, purple-spotted. Japan. (B. M. 6058.)
L. lancifolium (lance-shape-leaved). A synonym of L. elegans. L. Leichtlinii (Leichtlin's).* fl. one or two, bright yellow, spotted copiously down the face with large purplish-red dots, tinged with purple outside, inside spotted with vinous-red, 2 1/2in. to 3in. long; pedicles erecto-patent. July and August. l. all scattered, somewhat loose, erecto-patent; lower ones 3in. to 4in. long, 1/8in. to 1/4in. broad below the middle, with a long acute point. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, moderately slender. Japan, 1867. (B. H. 1869, 11; B. M. 5673; F. d. S. 1736; F. M. 509; I. H. 540.)
L. L. majus (large). This is a luxuriant form, attaining a height of 5ft. The flowers are yellow, purple-black spotted. Japan, 1872.
L. L. Maximowiczii (Maximowicz's). fl. three or four, the groundwork of colour bright scarlet. Stem dark purplish-brown, more distinctly cottony than in the type. SYN. L. Maximowiczii (R. G. 1868, 596).
L. L. platypetalum (broad-petaled). fl. bright pale red; perianth segments broader than in the type.
L. L. tigrinum (tiger-spotted). fl. orange-scarlet, thickly dotted with dark purple. l. erecto-patent, recurved at apex. (R. G. 664, under name of L. Maximowiczii tigrinum.)
L. linifolium (Flax-leaved). A synonym of L. tenuifolium.
L. Loddigesianum (Loddiges'). A synonym of L. monadelphum.
L. longiflorum (long-flowered).* fl. pure white, fragrant, 5in. to 7in. long, shaped like a funnel with a neck, solitary or in twos, horizontal or slightly drooping. June. l. twenty to thirty at the flowering time; the lower ones crowded, erecto-patent, 3in. to 5in. long, linear, three to six lines broad about the middle, acute. Stem 1ft. to 2ft. high, stiff, terete, erect. Japan, China, &c., 1862. A very handsome species.(B. R. 560; F. d. S. 270; L. B. C. 985.) L. l. eximium (choice).* fl. white, large, infundibuliform-campanulate; limb segments revolute, firm, undulated, outer ones narrow and acutely callous at apex; inner ones narrower and obtusely rotundate at apex. l. few, clustered, narrow-lanceolate. Japan. SYN. L. Harrisii. (F. d. S. 283, 284, under name of L. eximium.)
L. Martagon.* Martagon, or Turk's Cap Lily. fl. of a dull purplish-red, with copious spots of dark purple, pendulous, 1 1/4in. to 1 1/2in. deep; raceme more regularly pyramidal than that of any other species, reaching, in fine specimens, 1ft. in length, and sometimes nearly twenty-flowered. Summer. l. typically in three or four regular whorls of six to nine leaves each, with a few scattered ones placed usually between the uppermost and the inflorescence, oblanceolate-spathulate, acute. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, erect, terete, more or less pubescent. Bulb ovoid, 1in. to 1 1/2in. thick; scales bright yellow. Europe, Asia, 1596. A very distinct and largely-grown species.(B. M. 893, 1634; J. F. A. 351; Sy. En. B. 1518.)
L. Maximowiczii (Maximowicz's). A synonym of L. Leichtlinii Maximowiczii.
L. M. tigrinum (tiger-spotted). A synonym of L. Leichtlinii tigrinum.
L. medeoloides (Medeola-like). fl. splendid orange-red, with a few purple spots, about 1 1/2in. long, solitary, or in umbels of two or three. l. either in a single whorl of seven to fourteen at the middle of the stem, or a few scattered, oblanceolate, similar to those of L. Martagon, 4in. to 6in. long. Stem 1ft. to 2ft. high, slender, terete, flexuose. Japan, 1878. A very distinct species, but probably not yet in cultivation.
L. Michauxianum (Michaux's). A synonym of L. superbum carolinianum. L. monadelphum (monadelphous).* fl. pale bright yellow, tinged round the base with claret-red, 2 1/2in. to 3 1/2in. long, disposed in terminal pyramidal clusters. Autumn. l. always scattered, thirty to fifty to a stem, much-ascending, linear-lanceolate, acute, distinctly ciliated at the edge. Stem stout, erect, 3ft. to 5ft. high. Caucasus and Northern Persia, 1820. (B. M. 1405; R. G. 733.) SYN. L. Loddigesianum (P. F. G. 58).
L. m. Szovitsianum (Szovits').* This differs from the type in having the "filaments free to the base, perianth reflexed from rather lower down, with segments broadest a little below the middle." The pollen is said to be deeper in colour. SYNS. L. colchicum, L. Szovitsianum (F. d. S. 507-9).
L. neilgherrense (Neilgherries).* fl. white, sweet-scented, one to three, ascendent; perianth narrow, funnel-shaped; segments oblanceolate-unguiculate. l. glabrous, shining-green, ascendent, firm, three to five-nerved. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, upright. Neilgherries. Greenhouse. SYNS. L. tubiflorum, L. Wallichianum. (B. M. 6332.)
L. nepalense (Nepaulese). fl. white, more or less suffused with purple on the outside towards the base, from 4in. to 5in. long, solitary, umbellate, or laxly racemose, about six-flowered, narrow, thyrsoid. l. thirty to fifty, scattered, linear-lanceolate; the lower ones 3in. to 4in. long, six to nine lines broad in the middle, acute, erecto-patent. Stem 1 1/2ft. to 3ft. high, erect, 1/4in. thick at the base. Central Himalayas, &c., 1855. Greenhouse.
L. nitidum (bright). fl. bright yellow, 1 1/2in. long; panicle deltoid, 6in. to 12in. long, from ten to twenty-flowered; lower pedicels 2in. to 3in. long. l. up to twenty in a whorl, lanceolate, 1 1/2in. to 2in. long. Stem 1 1/2ft. long below the inflorescence, stout, terete. Bulb transversely oblong, with crowded, adpressed, lanceolate, white scales. California, 1880.
L. odorum (odorous). A synonym of L. japonicum.
L. oxypetalum (sharp-petaled).* fl. solitary, terminal, some-what drooping, at first campanulate, at length spreading; sepals lilac-purple, with a green keel externally, the lower half within purple-dotted, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, clawed at base. June. l., radical ones usually solitary, long, lanceolate, tapering to a petiole-like base; cauline ones distant, linear or linear-lanceolate, at length recurved. Stem 1ft. to 1 1/2ft. high. Pindari, Kumaon. (B. M. 4731, under name of Fritillaria oxypetala.)
L. pardalinum (leopard-spotted).* fl. bright orange-red, with a lighter orange centre and large purple spots on the lower half, nodding, racemose, or the lower in whorls or long spreading pedicels. Summer. l. usually in three or four whorls of nine to fifteen, scattered above and below, narrowly lanceolate and sharply acuminate, 3in. to 7in. long, and three to twelve lines broad. Stems 3ft. to 7ft. long. California, 1875. A very handsome North American Lily, of which the following are the most distinct varieties: Bourgaei, one of the finest, producing stout stems, 6ft. to 7ft. in height, bearing from twelve to twenty flowers of a bright crimson, shading to orange, and freely spotted with maroon; californicum, a variety of more slender habit, growing from 3ft. to 4ft. in height, the brightest coloured of the forms here mentioned; pallidifolium, a dwarf variety, scarcely reaching 5ft. in height, flowers nearly double the size of the type, and paler in colour; Robinsoni, a robust variety, having stout stems, 7ft. to 8ft. in height, and massive, the flowers large, of a bright vermilion, shading to yellow, and freely spotted.
L. Parryi (Parry's).* fl. pale yellow, copiously spotted with chocolate-red, fragrant, horizontal. Summer. l. usually scattered, occasionally the lower ones in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, 4in. to 6in. long, acuminate. Stem slender, 2ft. to 6ft. high. California, 1879. A distinct and handsome species.
L. penduliflorum (pendulous-flowered). A synonym of L. canadense.
L. pennsylvanicum (Pennsylvanian). A synonym of L. davuricum.
L. peregrinum (foreign). A synonym of L. candidum pere grinum. L. philadelphicum (Philadelphian).* fl. bright orange-red usually spotted with purple in the lower half, 2in. to 3in. deep, under 2in. across at the mouth when expanded, solitary or umbellate; peduncles ascending, arcuate, or straight. Summer. l. typically in four or five regular whorls of six to eight each, 2in. to 4in. apart, spreading, narrowly oblanceolate, narrowed at both ends. Stem 1ft. to 3ft. high, rigid, slender. Bulb ovoid, 1in. thick. North America, 1754. (B. M. 519; B. R. 594; L. B. C. 976.)
L. p. andinum (Andes). This variety differs principally from the type in having all its leaves linear and scattered.
L. philippense (Philippines). fl. horizontal, solitary; perianth white, slightly tinged with green at the base externally, narrow funnel-shaped, 7in. to 10in. long, sweet-scented, the divisions remaining permanently imbricated in the lower three-quarters, spreading falcately in the upper quarter, the three inner about 2in., and the three outer 1 1/2in., broad; stamens a little exserted. August. l. thirty to forty, loosely scattered down the stem, narrow-linear, sessile, falcate-ascending, 3in. to 4in. long, 1/8in. to 1/6in. broad, acute, glabrous, with narrowly-decurved edges not at all ciliated. Stem 1 1/2ft. to 2ft. high, slender, terete, glabrous, sometimes slightly mottled with purple. Philippine Islands. (B. M. 6250.)
L. polyphyllum (many-leaved). fl. waxy-white, copiously spotted and lined with purple, 1 1/2in. to 2in. long, drooping, about four to six in a loose raceme; peduncles 2in. to 4in. long, stiff. Summer. l. all scattered, thirty to forty to a stem at the flowering time, much-ascending, linear-lanceolate; the lower ones 4in. to 5in. long, acute. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, moderately stout, terete. Temperate Western Himalaya, 1873. A rare and handsome greenhouse species.
L. pomponium (Pompone).* fl. bright red or tinged with orange, about twenty, arranged in a broad, rather regular, thyrsoid raceme, which is sometimes 1ft. long and broad; lower pedicels 3in. to 4in. long. Summer. l. always scattered, very numerous, as many as 100 to a stem, ascending; lower ones 3in. to 4in. long, 1/8in. to 1/6in. broad at the middle, narrowed gradually to the point; edges inrolled, distinctly ciliated. Stem 1 1/2ft. to 3ft. high, strong, stiff, erect, finely furrowed. Northern Italy and Southern France, &c., 1659. (B. M. 971.)
L. pseudo-tigrinum (false tiger-spotted).* fl. in four to six-flowered loose racemes; perianth beautiful scarlet, copiously dotted with black within; segments ovate-lanceolate; pedicels erecto-patent; filaments scarlet; anthers red; styles scarlet. July. l. scattered, linear, broad, recurved, spreading; margins revolute. Stem 3ft. to 4ft. China, 1867. (R. H. 1867, 410.)
L. pulchellum (pretty). A synonym of L. concolor pulchellum.
L. pumilum (dwarf). A synonym of L. tenuifolium.
L. pyrenaicum (Pyrenean).* fl. bright yellow, 1 1/2in. to 2in. long. pendulous, forming, in well-grown plants, a raceme of about twelve blossoms; lowest peduncles 3in. to 4in. long. Summer. l. always scattered, very numerous, as many as 100 to a stem, erecto-patent, acute; edge slightly inrolled, distinctly minutely-ciliated. Stem 2ft. to 4ft. high, strong, stiff, erect, finely furrowed. Pyrenees, 1596. This is closely allied to L. pomponium, under which it is placed as a sub-species by Mr. Baker in his revision of the Liliums published in the "Journal of the Linnean Society."
L. Roezlei (Roezl's). fl. one to ten, corymbose or umbellate; perianth of a fine reddish-orange colour, 2in. to 3in. long; segments acuminate, about 1/2in. broad, yellow below, dotted with purple, reflexed. l. twenty to thirty, sometimes partly whorled, firm, glabrous, narrow-linear, acute; lower one 4in. to 5in. long, about 1/3in. broad. Stem 2ft. to 3ft. high, slender, glabrous. California, &c., 1871. (R. G. 667.) L. roseum (rose-coloured).* fl. lilac, handsome, large, drooping, racemose; perianth between campanulate and infundibuliform; sepals free to their base, almost spathulate, with reflexed apices. April. l. crowded at the base of the stem, but alternate, sessile, linear, acuminate, grassy; the lower ones 1ft. to 1 1/2ft. long, upper ones gradually passing into bracts. Stem 1 1/2ft. high, erect, terete, glabrous. Gossain Than and Kumaon. (B. M. 4725; B. R. 1845, 1, under name of L. Thomsonianum.)
L. rubescens (reddish). A synonym of L. Washingtonianum purpureum.
L. sinicum (Chinese). A synonym of L. concolor.
L. speciosum (showy).* fl. pure white, or more or less suffused and copiously spotted with claret-red, 3in. to 5in. long, usually three to ten in a broad deltoid raceme; peduncles bracteate, rigid, erecto-patent. Summer. l. about twenty at the flowering time; lower ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6in. to 9in. long, 1 1/2in. to 2in. broad below the middle; upper ones lanceolate. Stem 1ft. to 3ft. high, rigid, erect, terete. Japan, 1832. A well-known and extensively cultivated species, varying considerably in the size and colouring of the flowers. It is most commonly known under the erroneous specific name of L. lancifolium, but the plant to which this name correctly belongs is L. elegans. (B. M. 3785; B. R. 2000; F. d. S. 276; P. M. B. v. 267.)
L. s. albiflorum (white-flowered).* A very desirable form, with pure white flowers.
L. s. punctatum (spotted).* A variety having the white perianth segments not suffused, but only spotted with red.
L. s. roseum (rose-coloured).* A handsome variety, with rose-tinted flowers.
L. spectabile (showy). A synonym of L. davuricum.
L. superbum (superb).* fl. orange-red, thickly spotted, from 3in. to 4in. long, often six to twelve, sometimes twenty to forty, disposed in a deltoid panicle 9in. to 12in. broad. July and August. l. often disposed in three or four or eight to ten-foliate whorls, few or much scattered, narrow-oblanceolate, acute, rather firm; lower ones 4in. to 5in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad. Stem 4ft. to 6ft. high, robust, upright, tinged with purple. Georgia, &c. (B. M. 936; F. d. S. 1014-15.)
L. s. carolinianum (Carolina). fl. like those of the type. l. much fewer, broader, and shorter, often five or six disposed in a whorl near the middle of the stem. Stem 1ft. to 2ft. high. Southern United States. SYNS. L. autumnale (L. B. C. 335), L. carolinianum (B. M. 2280; B. R. 580), and L. Michauxianum.
L. Szovitsianum (Szovits'). A synonym of L. monadelphum Szovitsianum.
L. tenuifolium (narrow-leaved).* fl. usually solitary, rarely two, drooping or sub-erect, bright scarlet, about 1 1/4in. long. Summer. l. closely placed, much-ascending, thirty to fifty to a stem at the flowering time, linear-subulate, 1 1/2in. to 2in. long, not more than a line broad. Stem 6in. to 12in. high, very slender. Siberia, 1820. An elegant species. SYNS. L. linifolium and L. pumilum.
L. testaceum (light brown). fl. yellow, tinged with dull red, 2 1/2in. to 3in. deep, the lowest quarter connivent in a permanent cup; raceme rather regular, thyrsoid, usually from one to six, but sometimes twelve-flowered. End of July. l. always scattered, very close, sixty to a hundred to a stem at the flowering time, erecto-patent, linear. Stem reaching 5ft. to 6ft. in height, comparatively slender and wand-like, finely striated. 1841. SYNS. L. excelsum and L. isabellinum. A garden plant, probably a hybrid between L. candidum and L. chalcedonicum. (B. R. 1843, 11; F. d. S. i. 39; P. M. B. 1843, 221; R. G. 349.)
L. Thomsonianum (Thomson's). A synonym of L. roseum.
L. Thunbergianum (Thunberg's). A synonym of L. elegans. L. T. aureum nigro-maculatum (yellow, black-spotted). A synonym of L. elegans alutaceum.
L. tigrinum (tiger-spotted).* Common Tiger Lily. fl. bright deep orange-red, with numerous small, distinct, purplish-black spots 2 1/2in. to 4in. long; racemes deltoid, eight to twenty-flowered, 8in. to 9in. broad; lateral peduncles rigidly erecto-patent. July and August. l. twenty to thirty at the time of flowering, linear, scattered irregularly, erecto-patent or spreading, dark glossy green. Stems 2ft. to 4ft. high, erect, firm, robust, purplish-black, pubescent. China, 1804. A well-known and very desirable species. (B. M. 1237.)
L. t. flore-pleno (double-flowered).* fl. bright orange-red, densely spotted with blackish-purple; perianth segments multiplied into about six series. Habit somewhat similar to Fortunei. Japan. (F. & P. 1871, 25.)
L. t. Fortunei (Fortune's).* This fine variety differs from the type in its greater stature, its larger pyramidal heads, and its more conspicuous cobwebby pubescence. Stems 6ft. to 7ft. high, the upper 2ft. and upwards forming a broad pyramidal panicle of flowers. China, 1850.
L. t. splendens (splendid).* fl. sometimes twenty-five to a stem, of a bolder character than in Fortunei; spots fewer and larger. A fine variety. (F. d. S. 1931-2; F. & P. 1873, 15.)
L. tubiflorum (tube-flowered). A synonym of L. neilgherrense.
L. Wallichianum (Wallich's). fl. white, greenish towards the base outside, fragrant, usually solitary, casually two or three; 7in. to 9in. long. Summer. l. fifty to sixty, always narrow-linear, ascending, the lower reaching 8in. to 9in. long. Stem 4ft. to 6ft. high, 1/2in. thick at the base. Sub-temperate Central Himalayas. Greenhouse. (B. M. 4561; F. d. S. 612; L. & P. F. G. 1850, 120.)
L. Wallichianum (Wallich's), of Wight. A synonym of L. neilgherrense. L. Washingtonianum (Washington's).* fl. white, tinged with purple or lilac, all more or less cernuous when expanded, fragrant, 2 1/2in. to 3 1/2in. long, narrowed gradually from the neck to the base; racemes about 1ft. long on strong-growing specimens, and from 8in. to 9in. broad when fully expanded. Summer. l. in several distinct whorls, which are 3in. to 4in. apart in the lower part of the stem, and made up of about one dozen ascending oblanceolate leaves, which are 4in. to 5in. long. Stem 3ft. to 5ft. high, 3/8in. to 1/2in. thick towards the base, stiff, erect, terete. California, 1872. (F. d. S. 1975-6; G. C. 1871, p. 709; R. G. 170.)
L. W. purpureum (purple). fl. purplish-black, spotted, umbellate. Stem 1ft. to 1 1/2ft. high. California, 1873. SYN. L. rubescens. (F. d. S. 1975-6; R. G. 170.)