Squamataxus
ORD. Coniferae. A monotypic genus. The species is a half-hardy, evergreen tree. For culture, see Taxus.
S. conspicua (conspicuous). Prince Albert's Yew. fl., male catkins in terminal spikes or racemes; females in spherical heads, in the form of a little cone, on long, slender, terminal foot-stalks, sometimes drooping. June. fr. composed of several consolidated, free scales, formed into a solid, fleshy, depressed cone. l. alternate and scattered, or somewhat in two rows on the branchlets, leathery, stiff, linear or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, slightly twisted and reflected, 1/2in. to 1 1/2in. long, convex above, shortly petiolate, acute. h. 30ft. Southern Chili, 1846. (J. H. S. vi. 258.) SAXIFRAGA (an old Latin name used by Pliny, and derived from saxum, a rock, and frango, to break; so called because it was supposed to break stones in the bladder). Breakstone; Rockfoil; Saxifrage. Including Ciliaria, Hirculus, Megasea, Miscopetalum, Muscaria, Robertsonia, Spatularia (of Haworth). ORD. Saxifrageae. A large genus of mostly hardy, perennial, rarely annual, highly glabrous, pilose, or glandular, erect or decumbent herbs, natives of the North and South temperate and Arctic zones, rarely found in Asia, and very rare in South America; absent from Australia, South Africa, and the Pacific. Flowers white or yellow, rarely purple or rose, paniculate or corymbose; calyx tube short or elongated, free or adnate at the base with the ovary; lobes five, erect or spreading, imbricated; petals five, equal or rarely unequal, sometimes fimbriated or gland-bearing at base, perigynous or sub-hypogynous; stamens ten, rarely five, inserted with the petals. Leaves variable; radical ones frequently rosulate; cauline ones generally alternate; petioles sheathing at base. A dozen species are indigenous to Britain. The best-known species are described below; all, except where otherwise stated, are hardy perennials. With few exceptions, Saxifragas are amongst the easiest of plants to cultivate, they may be grown in any open soil, and generally prefer to be surrounded with stones. Propagated readily by offsets or by division of the tufts. Great variation is represented in the habits of the numerous species. They are nearly all beautiful and interesting subjects. S. adscendens (ascending). fl. white; calyx and peduncles hispid; petals obovate, retuse. April. l. fleshy, three-lobed; radical ones cordate, on rather long petioles, with the lobes incised; cauline ones somewhat cuneiform, the uppermost entire. h. 3in. North America, &c., 1732. Annual. SYN. S. petroea (B. M. 3026).
S. adscendens (ascending), of Vahl. A synonym of S. aquatica. S. aizoides (Aizoon-like).* fl. orange or golden-yellow, dotted with red, 1/2in. in diameter; petals distant. June and July. l. linear-oblong, crowded below, scattered on the flowering stems, 1/2in. to 2in. long, spreading; lower ones reflexed, often ciliated. Stems decumbent, tufted, much-branched; branches 3in. to 8in. long. Alpine and Arctic Europe (Britain). (Sy. En. B. 551.) S. Aizoon (Aizoon). fl., petals cream-colour, often spotted at the base, obovate; scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent. June. l. clustered at the root, persistent, thick, spathulate, with white, cartilaginous, toothed margins. h. 5in. to 10in. Europe, North America, 1731. minor is a smaller form. SYN. S. intacta.
S. Andrewaii (Andrews'). fl., petals white, dotted with purple above the middle, oblong. Summer. l. rather thick, sparsely hairy; basal ones spathulate, nearly lingulate, flat, cuneate-attenuated, very obtuse, minutely crenate-serrated; cauline ones oblong, serrated. Stems erect, glandular-hairy, few-leaved; branches racemose. h. 6in. 1848. A hybrid between S. Geum and S. Aizoon.
S. aquatica (aquatic). fl. white, large, shortly pedicellate; calyx segments ovate-lanceolate, longer than the tube; petals obovate-oblong, more than twice the length of the calyx; inflorescence loose below, crowded above. July and August. l. fleshy, sparsely pilose, dilated at base; cauline ones sessile, incised-trilobed above the middle. Stems simple or racemose-paniculate from the base. h. 1ft. to 1 1/2ft. Pyrenees. (R. G. 1167.) SYN. S. adscendens (of Vahl).
S. aretioides (Aretia-like).* fl., petals golden-yellow, crenulate, with several straight nerves; corymb dense, few-flowered; peduncles clothed with clammy down. May to July. l. aggregate, linear-ligulate, upright, mucronulate, keeled, glaucous, with cartilaginous margins. h. 2in. Pyrenees, 1826. (B. M. 5849.) S. bronchialis (bronchial). fl. cream-coloured; calyx segments oblong-lanceolate, glabrous; petals oblong, twice as long as the calyx; pedicels glandular, erecto-patent. May. l. rather rigid, linear-lanceolate, mucronulate at apex, the margins ciliated or ciliate-spinulose. Stems ascending, densely leafy at base; floriferous ones paniculate above. h. 6in. North America, 1819. SYN. S. densa.
S. Burseriana (Burser's).* fl. milk-coloured, large and beautiful, lined with yellowish nerves; petals roundish, with curled edges. March to June. l. rosulate, triquetrous, pungent, smooth, glaucous. Stems usually one-flowered. h. 1 1/2in. Alps, 1826. Plant densely tufted. (Gn., Sept. 17, 1877.) S. B. major (larger).* fl. white, solitary, on peduncles about 2in. high. l. acute, ciliated, in small, dense rosettes. 1884. A beautiful little rockwork plant. (G. C. n. s., xxi. p. 141.) S. caesia (grey).* fl. milk-coloured, disposed in a small panicle; petals roundish, unguiculate. May and June. l. linear-oblong, aggregate, recurved, keeled, the upper surface with marginal dots regularly disposed; cauline ones few. Stems (and peduncles) smoothish. h. 1 1/2in. to 3in. Alps, 1752. (J. F. A. 374; L. B. C. 421.) S. caespitosa (tufted).* fl. white, campanulate, few, small, crowded. July and August. l. cuneate, three to five-lobed; lobes sub-parallel, obtuse; upper cauline leaves undivided. h. 3in. Europe (Britain). Plant densely tufted, with short, flowerless shoots. (Sy. En. B. 556.) S. Camposii (Don Pedro del Campos').* fl. white, 2/3in. in diameter, corymbose, inclined; petals spathulate, twice as long as the stamens. May. l. very variable, 1/4in. to 1/2in. in diameter, flabellately three to five-cleft, with simple, obtuse or sub-acute teeth, or broader and deeply three to five-lobed, with the lobes three or more toothed; petioles 1/2in. to 1in. long. h. 3in. to 6in. Spain, &c., 1882. (B. M. 6640.) SYN. S. Wallace (of gardens).
S. ceratophylla (horn-leaved). A synonym of S. trifurcata. S. cernua (drooping). fl. white, 1/2in. to 2/3in. in diameter, drooping; calyx lobes erect, obtuse; petals obovate. July. l. petioled, reniform, palmately deeply crenate or lobulate; radical ones 1/2in. to 3/4in. in diameter, often tinged with red; cauline ones sessile, with axillary, scarlet buds. Stem erect, simple, one to three-flowered. h. 2in. to 6in. Europe (Britain), America, &c. The flowers are rarely produced in this country. (Sy. En. B. 554.) S. ciliata (ciliated). A variety of S. ligulata.
S. cordifolia (heart-shape-leaved). fl. red, large; petals roundish. March to May. l. orbicularly cordate, serrated, glabrous. h. 1ft. Siberia, 1779. S. cortusaefolia (Cortusa-leaved).* fl. white, unspotted, on slender pedicels; petals linear, the one to three longer ones 1/2in. to 3/4in. long; scape stout, bearing an open panicle often 7in. to 8in. long. October. l. on stout petioles, orbicular, cordate or sub-reniform at base, 2in. to 3in. in diameter, shallowly five to many-lobed, bright green above, fading to bright red-brown or red. Japan, 1883. Plant stemless, probably very variable. (B. M. 6680.) S. Cotyledon (Cotyledon).* fl. white, dotless, large; calyx densely glandular; petals conspicuously three-nerved, oblong-spathulate. May to July. l. flat, spathulate, cartilaginously serrated, the edges silvery. Stem erect, branched in a pyramidal form, many-flowered. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Alps, 1596. Plant tufted. (F. d. S. 1443.) S. nepalensis (of gardens) and S. pyramidalis are simply robust forms of this species.
S. crassifolia (thick-leaved).* fl. red, large, disposed in thyrsoid panicles; petals elliptic-oblong. March to May. l. large, fleshy, oval or obovate, very blunt, glabrous, serrulated. Root thick and woody. h. 1ft. Siberia, 1765. (B. M. 196.) S. cuscutaeformis (Cuscuta-like). fl. white; calyx very short, spreading; petals very shortly clawed, lanceolate-elliptic; panicle branches two or three-flowered; scape slender, ascending, loosely secund-paniculate below the middle. June and July. l., basal ones rather thick, sub-orbicular or ovate, deeply or undulately toothed. h. 6in. Japan, 1815. (B. M. 2631; L. B. C. 186.) S. Cymbalaria (Cymbalaria). fl. citron-yellow; petals cordate at base, distinctly unguiculate, thrice as long as the calyx segments. May to August. l. brown-striated; lower ones nearly twice as long as the petioles, reniform, seven to eleven-lobed, the middle lobe largest; upper ones shortly petiolate, five to seven-lobed. Stems nearly erect, or more or less flexuous, branched. Himalayas, &c.
S. decipiens (deceptive). fl. calyx lobes ovate, obtuse, as long as the tube. l. of all the shoots rosulate, three to seven-cleft; lobes abruptly acuminate. This is regarded by Hooker as a sub-species of S. hypnoides. (L. B. C. 1510; Sy. En. B. 557.) gemmifera (Sy. En. B. 562) and platypetala (Sy. En. B. 561) are varieties.
S. densa (dense). A synonym of S. bronchialis.
S. diapensioides (Diapensia-like). fl. white, three, four, or five, campanulate, disposed in a terminal head; petals narrow at the base, the limb orbicular. April to June. l. linear, erect, keeled, aggregate, imbricated, cretaceously glaucous, cartilaginous on the margins, ciliated at base, and with one or two perforated dots at the obtuse apex. Stem many-leaved, few-flowered. h. 1 1/2in. Alps, 1825. Plant densely tufted. S. diversifolia (variable-leaved).* fl. yellow, obscurely spotted, 1/2in. to 3/4in. in diameter, pedicellate, erect; petals twice as long as the sepals, spreading and recurved; corymb few or many-branched and flowered, the branches erecto-patent. July. l., radical ones long-stalked, 1in. to 2in. long, ovate or cordate, acute; cauline ones sometimes very numerous, smaller, sessile, semi-amplexicaul. Stem erect, 6in. to 16in. high, simple or corymbosely branched above. India, &c., 1882. (B. M. 6603.) S. elongate (elongated). A form of S. virginiensis.
S. flagellaris (whip-like). fl. yellow; petals permanent. May to July. l. radical and lower cauline ones obovate-spathulate; upper ones rather villous. Stems erect, simple, one to five-flowered, and (as well as the calyces) glandular-pubescent. Stolons or flagellae filiform. h. 3in. Caucasus, &c., 1819. (B. M. 4621; L. J. F. 237.) S. florulenta (slow-flowering). fl. pale lilac, 1/2in. long, slightly nodding; petals twice as long as the calyx lobes, spathulate, obtuse; panicle narrow, thyrsoid, 5in. to 12in. high, more or less densely hairy. Rarely produced. l. 3/4in. to 2in. long, innermost ones the shortest, very numerous, densely imbricated, spathulate, mucronate, bristly-ciliate below. Rosettes 5in. to 7in. in diameter. Maritime Alps. "A striking species, but exceedingly difficult to grow. It probably lives to a great age before flowering, after which it dies" (Hooker). (B. M. 6102; R. G. 782.) S. Fortunei (Fortune's).* fl. white, disposed in an erect, many-flowered panicle; petals very unequal, one or more being elongated and saw-edged. l. reniform-cordate, lobed and iaciniately toothed. Japan, 1863. A pretty, half-hardy perennial, with the habit of S. cortusaefolia.(B. M. 5377; F. M. 221.) S. geranioides (Geranium-like). fl. white, numerous, sub-corymbose; calyx segments erect, longer than the tube; petals obovate-oblong, long-clawed, about twice as long as the calyx. July. l., lower ones slightly pilose, sub-orbicular-reniform, palmately trifid, the lateral lobes bifid, entire or two or three-toothed; cauline ones cuneate-ovate, with narrow lobes. Stems numerous, slightly woody. h. 6in. Pyrenees, 1770. (R. G. 989.) S. Geum (Geum). l. orbicular, more or less reniform or cordate, crenate or toothed, on slender petioles. According to Hooket, this is merely a sub-species of S. umbrosa. (Sy. En. B. 543-545.) elegans and gracilis are varieties.
S. granulata (granulate).* Fair Maids of France; First of May; Meadow Saxifrage. fl. white, inclined or drooping, campanulate, 1in. in diameter; petals obovate. April and May. l. petioled, reniform, palmately lobulate; radical ones 3/4in. to 1 1/4in. in diameter, on slender petioles; cauline ones sessile, deeper and more acutely cut. Stem 6in. to 18in. high, erect, bulbiferous at base, branched and many-flowered above. Europe (Britain), &c. (Sy. En. B. 555.) There is a pretty double form of this species in cultivation.
S. Guthrieana (Guthrie's). A hybrid, very similar to, or identical with, S. Andrewsii.
S. hieracifolia (Hieracium-leaved). fl. white; petals ovate, acute; scape erect, racemose, the branches four to six-flowered June and July. l. nearly all basal, ovate-oblong or oblong, remotely repand-toothed, dilated at base, semi-amplexicaul, glabrous above, villous beneath and on the margins. h. 1ft. Europe, &c., 1789.
S. Hirculus (Hirculus).* fl. 1/2in. to 3/4in. in diameter, sub-solitary; sepals reflexed; petals obovate, dotted with red at the base, where there are two tubercles. August. l., radical ones 1/2in. to 1in. long, rosulate, petioled, lanceolate or spathulate; cauline ones linear, sometimes faintly serrated. Stem sub-simple, erect, stoloniferous. h. 4in. to 8in. Arctic and Alpine Europe (Britain), &c. (Sy. En. B. 550.) S. H. grandiflora (large-flowered). A fine variety, having flowers 1in. in diameter. (R. G. 1035, Fig. 4.) S. hirsuta (hairy). l. long-petioled, broadly ovate, rounded at base or narrowed into the petiole; margins cartilaginous, sharply toothed or serrated. Plant more hairy than S. umbrosa, to which it is referred, by Hooker, as a sub-species. (Sy. En. B. 546.) S. hirta (hairy). A sub-species of S. hypnoides.
S. Hostii (Host's).* fl. five to nine in a corymb; calyx segments ovate-triangular; petals white, or with a few purple dots above the middle, oblong or obovate-oblong; pedicels glandular. May. l., basal ones numerous, ligulate, obtuse at apex, ciliated at base; cauline ones oblong, crenate-serrated. Stem erect, paniculate above. h. 6in. to 12in. South Europe. S. hypnoides (Hypnum-like).* Dovedale Moss; Eve's Cushion, &c. fl. white, 1/3in. to 1in. in diameter, campanulate; flowering shoots 3in. to 18in. long, stout or slender. May to July. l. cuneate, three to five-cleft, loose or dense, with the broad, compressed petioles 1/2in. to 1in. long; lobes entire, or the lateral ones cleft, flat or channelled. Europe (Britain), &c. The tufts often form large cushions.
S. h. hirta (hairy). fl., calyx lobes broad; petals obovate, flat. l. three-lobed; lobes linear, suddenly contracted beyond the middle, acute. (Sy. En. B. 559.) affinis (Sy. En. B. 560) and incurvifolia (Sy. En. B. 558) are varieties.
S. h. Sternbergii (Sternberg's). Barren shoots rather long, their leaves with three to five obtuse lobes. A robust variety.
S. imbricata (imbricated). fl. white, solitary, terminal; petals obovate, with attenuated claws, trinerved. June and July. l. small, hollowed, ovate-oblong, sub-triquetrous at apex, ciliate-serrulate on the margins. h. 3in. India, 1843. Plant very densely tufted.
S. intacta (intact). A synonym of S. Aizoon.
S. irrigua (watered). fl. white, large, campanulate; petals spathulate; panicle loose, many-flowered. June and July. l. radical ones palmately five-parted; cauline ones trifid, sessile; segments cuneate-oblong, mucronate, trifid. Stems beset with jointed hairs. h. 6in. to 12in. Tauria, 1817. (B. M. 2207.) S. juniperifolia (Juniper-leaved). fl. yellow or greenish-yellow, racemose or spicate-capitate; petals slightly exceeding the calyx segments, oblong-spathulate. July. l., those of the woody caudex rigid, erect, appressed, subulate, rather broader at base, rigidly mucronate; cauline ones long-ciliated at base. Stems leafy, villous. Caucasus, &c. S. Kotschyi (Kotschy's). fl. yellow, in cymes terminating the short, leafy stems. l. small, closely imbricated, obovate-obtuse, apiculate. Asia Minor, 1873. A hardy or half-hardy, bluish-green plant, forming densely-tufted rosettes, 1/2in. to 3/4in. across. (B. M. 6065.) S. leucanthemifolia (Leucanthemum-leaved). fl. in a spreading, corymbose or paniculate cyme; petals white, lanceolate, unequal, the three larger ones with a heart-shaped base and a pair of spots; the two-smaller ones with a tapering base and no spots. June. l. oblong, wedge-shaped or spathulate, coarsely toothed or cut, tapering into a petiole. h. 5in. to 18in. North America, 1812. (B. M. 2959; L. B. C. 1568.) S. ligulata (strap-shaped).* fl. very pale red, almost white, in a dichotomous panicle; petals broad, orbicular. March to May. l. obovate, sub-cordate, denticulated, quite glabrous on both surfaces, but ciliated on the margins. h. 1ft. Nepaul, 1821. (B. M. 3406; H. E. F. 49; L. B. C. 747; S. B. F. G. 59.) S. l. ciliata (ciliated). This practically only differs from the type in its somewhat smaller size, and in the leaves being hairy on both surfaces. Nepaul and Kumaon. (B. M. 4915, under name of S. ciliata.) S. lingulata (tongue-shaped). fl. white, with numerous rose-coloured dots, flat; calyx densely glandular, as well as the peduncles; petals oval, conspicuously triple-nerved. May to July. l. linear-lingulate, channelled, tubercularly crenated, glaucous, ciliated at base, recurved at apex. Stem erect, flexuous, fastigiately branched. h. 1ft. to 1 1/2ft. Alps. 1800. S. l. cochlearis (spoon-like).* fl. white, in slender panicles; peduncles (as well as the branches) purplish-brown, glandular-pubescent. June. l. 1/2in. to 1in. long, spathulate, coriaceous, in tufted rosettes. Maritime Alps, 1883. (B. M. 6688.) S. longifolia (long-leaved).* fl. white, slightly dotted with red, disposed in a close, pyramidal thyrse, 1ft. high. July. l. linear-oblong, 6in. long, of thick substance, densely rosulate, having cartilaginous margins. Pyrenees, 1871. See Fig. 430. (B. M. 5889.) S. marginata (margined). fl. white, 1/2in. in diameter, disposed in small, rather compact cymes. July. l. small, oblong, dotted on the margins with a series of lime incrustations, disposed in dense rosettes. Stem purplish, 2in. to 4in. high. Italy and Greece, 1883. (B. M. 6702.) S. Maweana (Maw's).* fl. white, 3/4in. in diameter, shortly pedicellate; peduncles erect, 4in. to 6in. long; petals obovate-spathulate, rounded at the tips. May and June. l. on flattened petioles, 1in. to 2 1/2in. long; lower ones loosely rosulate, orbicular-reniform, three-cleft to the middle, or with the lateral lobes cleft; upper radical leaves cuneate, trifld, with pedicelled, thickened leaf-buds in their axils. Tetuan, 1827. A well-known and highly-prized rock plant. (B. M. 6384; G. C. 1871, p. 1355.) S. media (intermediate). fl., calyx and peduncle purplish, densely glandular; petals erect, obovate, three to five-nerved, scarcely exceeding the calyx segments; inflorescence cymose-paniculate or racemose. June and July. l., basal ones imbricated, explanate-depressed, spathulate-lingulate, acute or obtuse; cauline ones spathulate, glabrous, except the apical part. Stems erect. h. 6in. to 8in. Pyrenees. (G. C. n. s., xxiii. 801; S. F. G. 376.) S. moschata (musky).* fl. pale yellowish or purplish, one to ten, racemose or paniculate; petals spreading, oblong, scarcely exceeding the calyx segments. May and June. l. smooth, glabrous or glandular-pilose, entire, obtuse or cuneate, trifid, rarely five-fid with linear lobes, obtuse; cauline ones scattered, trilobed or entire. h. 3in. Pyrenees, &c., 1819. SYN. S. muscoides. S. muscoides (Musk-like). A synonym of S. moschata.
S. mutata (changeable). fl. copper-coloured, marked with deeper-coloured dots, panicled; calyx and peduncle densely glandular; petals linear-lanceolate. June and July. l. flat, spathulate, cartilaginously crenated, fringed with long, viscid hairs; cauline ones obovate, ciliated at base. Stem erect, leafy, glandular. h. 6in. to 12in. Switzerland, 1779. (B. M. 351.) S. nepalensis (Nepaul). A garden form of S. Cotyledon. S. nivalis (snowy). fl. white, 1/4in. in diameter, in capitate, four to twelve-flowered cymes; scape erect, simple, 3in. to 6in. high. July and August. l. broadly spathulate, crenate-toothed, 1/2in. to 1in. in diameter, sub-coriaceous, red beneath; petioles 1in. to 2in. long. Europe (Britain), &c. (Sy. En. B. 541.) S. oppositifolia (opposite-leaved).* fl. bright purple, 1/2in. in diameter, solitary, sessile, on short, annual shoots, campanulate; petals obovate. April and May. l. opposite, 1/4in. long, quadri-fariously imbricated, thickened and obtuse at the tip, ciliated with stout bristles. Stems 6in. to 8in. long, creeping, leafy. Europe (Britain), &c. (L. B. C. 869; R. G. 1039; Sy. En. B. 540.) S. o. alba (white-flowered). This only differs from the type in the colour of its flowers.
S. o. major (larger). A form with larger flowers than the type, but not so fine as the next variety.
S. o. pyrenaica superba (superb Pyrenean).* The rosy-lilac flowers of this form are very large, more than twice the size of those of S. oppositifolia and the habit is more erect. (G. C. n. s., xxi. p. 419.) S. pallida (pale). fl. white; petals persistent during the ripening of the fruit; ovary dull purplish-red; peduncles one to four-flowered, 1in. to 4in. high. Summer. l. spathulate, green, disposed in a small rosette. h. 3in. to 6in. Sikkim, 1885. A neat, rockwork plant.
S. paradoxa (paradoxical). A synonym of S. pygmaea.
S. peltata (peltate-leaved).* Umbrella Plant. fl. white or very pale pink, 1/2in. in diameter; petals longer than the sepals, elliptic, rounded at both ends. April. l. all sub-terminal, erect; petiole 1ft. to 2ft. long, cylindric, as thick as a goose-quill, glandular-pubescent; blade orbicular, peltate, 6in. in diameter, six to ten-lobed, the lobes cut and sharply toothed, pale beneath. Rootstock clothed at the tip with the broad, stipular leaf-sheaths. California, 1873. One of the largest species of the genus. See Fig. 431. (B. M. 6074; F. d. S. 2441; R. G. 735.) S. pennsylvanica (Pennsylvanian). Swamp Saxifrage. fl. greenish, small; calyx lobes as long as the petals; scape many flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent. May and June. l. clustered at the root, oblanceolate, obscurely toothed, 4in. to 8in. long, narrowed at base into short, broad petioles. h. 1ft. to 2ft. North America, 1732.
S. pentadactylis (five-fingered). fl. white, disposed in loose panicles; petals obovate, with branched nerves. May and June. l. on long, compressed petioles, glabrous, five-parted. Stems branched, terete, glabrous, flexuous. h. 3in. to 6in. Pyrenees. 1815. Plant densely tufted. S. petraea (rock-loving). A synonym of S. adscendens. S. purpurascens (purplish).* Purple Large-leaved Saxifrage. fl. purple, 3/4in. to 1in. across, nodding; petals obovate-oblong, sometimes long-clawed; panicle few-flowered, corymbose, glandular-pubescent. June. l. obovate-rounded, entire, 2in. to 3in. long, highly glabrous, sometimes obscurely sinuated, often impressed with dots. h. 3in. to 6in. Himalayas, 1850. See Fig. 432. (B. H. ix. 1; B. M. 5066; F. d. S. 1401.) SYN. Megasea purpurascens. S. pygmaea (pigmy).* fl. yellowish, very small; petals hardly longer than the clayx. May and June. l. lanceolate, nerveless, glabrous, blunt, and rather cut at the apex. Stems filiform, slender, three or four-flowered, few-leaved, glandular. h. 1in to 2in. Pyrenees (not British). See Fig. 433. SYN. S. paradoxa.
S. pyramidalis (pyramidal). A form of S. Cotyledon.
S. retusa (retuse-leaved).* fl. purple; petals triple-nerved, acute, much shorter than the style. May and June. l. imbricated, oblong, trigonal, acute, full of perforated dots above, ciliated at the base. Stems few-leaved, erect. h. 1 1/2in. Alps, 1826 (R. G. 1110; S. B. F. G. ser. ii. 49; A. F. P. 21, Fig. 2, under name of S. purpurea.) S. rivularis (brook-loving). fl. white, erect, one or two, 1/4in. in diameter; petals distant. July and August. l. reniform, palmately five-lobed, 1/2in. to 1in. in diameter; lobes entire; petioles as long as the decumbent, rooting stems. Britain, &c. (F. D. 118; Sy. En. B. 553.) S. Rocheliana (Rochel's). fl. white, corymbose; petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx. Summer. l. white at the edges, and with distinct, impressed dots; lower ones lingulate, glabrous, ciliated at the base, disposed in tufts; cauline ones pale green, clothed with clammy hairs. h. 3in. Austria. S. R. coriophylla (Coris-leaved).* l., lower ones smaller and more horizontally expanded than in the type, pitted near the margins. See Fig. 434. S. rotundifolia (round-leaved). fl. white, marked with scarlet dots; petals lanceolate, acute, three-nerved. May and June. l. reniform, unequally and coarsely toothed; cauline ones petiolate. h. 1ft. Austria, &c., 1596. (B. M. 424; S. F. G. 377.) The variety repanda is larger and more robust, and has broader leaves.
S. r. taygetea (Mount Taygetus). fl., panicle branches one or two-flowered. l., basal ones long-petiolate, small, with slightly hairy margins, reniform or nearly round, five to nine-lobed; upper cauline ones linear or trifid. Greece. S. sancta (holy).* fl. yellow, in a short, dense spike; petals spathulate-oblong. Summer. l. rigid; lower ones imbricated, spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, rigidly mucronate, ciliate, denticulate on the margins, keeled; cauline ones lanceolate, mucronate. Stem glabrous, leafy. Mount Athos, 1882. Habit dense, tufted.
S. sarmentosa (sarmentose).* Aaron's Beard; Creeping Sailor; Mother of Thousands; Old Man's Beard; Wandering Jew, &c. fl. white, two of the inner petals having a yellow spot, and the central one two scarlet spots, at the base; two outer petals large, flaccid. June and July. l. orbicularly cordate, crenate-lobed, pilose, red beneath. Stolons or runners creeping. h. 9in. China and Japan, 1815. Half-hardy. (B. M. 92.) S. s. minor (smaller). A smaller-growing form. (B. H. vii. 13, under name of S. s. minor semperflorens.) S. s. tricolor (three-coloured). This differs from the type in having the foliage beautifully blotched with creamy-white and red. It is well adapted for growing in vases and hanging baskets. See Fig. 435.
S. Schmidtii (Schmidt's). fl. purplish, paniculate, similar to those of S. crassifolia. Early summer. l. ovate, rounded at both ends, or attenuated into the petioles, denticulate-ciliated. Himalayas. (R. G. 946.) S. spathulata (spathulate-leaved). fl., petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as the calyx segments; panicle corymbose, three to five-flowered. June. l., lower ones spathulate, ciliated, entire, obtuse at apex, rarely three-toothed, three-nerved; cauline ones linear. Stem slender, erect. Algiers. S. squarrosa (squarrose-leaved). fl. white, larger than those of S. caesia. Early summer. l. linear-elliptic, rather retuse, stiff, squarrosely imbricated, permanent, mealy when young. Stem pubescent below, usually three-flowered; branches diffuse, flaccid. Alps.
S. stellaris (starry). fl. few, 1/3in. in diameter; petals white, with two purple spots above the base; scape 3in. to 8in. high; cyme panicled. l. rosulate, sub-sessile, cuneate-lanceolate, 1/2in. to 1in. long, sub-succulent, usually coarsely toothed, ciliated, casually entire. Europe (Britain), &c. Plant glabrous or sparsely hairy, stemless. (F. D. 23; Sy. En. B. 542.) S. Sternbergii (Sternberg's). A form of S. hypnoides. S. Stracheyi (General Strachey's).* fl. pink, 3/4in. to 1in. in diameter; petals obovate-spathulate or orbicular; panicle much-branched, drooping, glandular pubescent. March. l. closely sheathing at base, with orbicular stipular sheaths, obovate or obovate-cuneate, 3in. to 6in. long, narrowed into the short, stout petiole, or cordate at base; margins irregularly toothed, ciliated. h. 4in. to 8in. Western Himalayas, 1851. (B. M. 5967.) S. S. alba (R. G. 1228) differs from the type in its less spreading, white petals, whitish filaments, and green styles.
S. S. Milesii (Miles'). fl. white; calyx and peduncle glandular-pubescent; petals white, with a distinct claw; corymbs dense. March. l. 9in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 5in. broad. 1872. A plant of garden origin. This resembles the type, but differs in its longer leaves, and the more distinct claw to its petals.
S. S. thysanodes (coarse-fringed). fl. white, clustered in a small, slightly branched raceme; petals sub-rotundate, longer than the sepals. April. l. obovate, deeply crenate-serrated, hairy on both sides, but especially beneath. h. 6in. to 8in. India. (B. R. 1846, 33.) S. tenella (slender). fl. white; petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as the calyx segments; panicle few-flowered. June and July. l. linear-subulate, cuspidate-aristate, sparsely setulose-ciliated on the margins or glabrous, glandularly ciliated towards the base. Stems erect, slender, glabrous. h. 6in. Alps, 1819.
S. trifurcata (thrice-forked). fl. white, long-stalked; petals thrice as long as the calyx, obovate-oblong. May. l. viscid, twice as long as the petioles, palmately three-parted, nerved; lateral lobes sub-trifid; middle one cuneate, three-toothed; cauline leaves few, shortly petiolate, trifid. h. 6in. Spain, 1804. See Fig. 436. SYN. S. ceratophylla (B. M. 1651). S. umbrosa (shade-loving).* London Pride; None-so-Pretty; St. Patrick's Cabbage, &c. fl. white, sometimes sprinkled with red, 1/4in. in diameter, in a panicled cyme; sepals reddish; scape 6in. to 12in. high, leafless. June and July. l. petioled, orbicular or broadly ovate, coarsely crenate or toothed, rosulate, 1/2in. to 2in. diameter; petioles 1/2in. to 1in. long. Ireland, Spain, and Portugal. A common plant in gardens. punctata and serratifolia are varieties.
S. valdensis (Lyons).* fl. white, comparatively large, corymbose, borne on short, hairy peduncles. May and June. l. dense, short, flat at the base, but more or less triquetrous at the apex, the upper surface marked with irregular dots. h. 3in. Alps of Lyons, &c., 1871.
S. virginiensis (Virginian).* fl. white; petals oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the erect calyx lobes; cyme clustered, at length open and loosely panicled. April to June. l. obovate or oval spathulate, narrowed into broad petioles, rather thick, crenate-toothed. h. 4in. to 9in. North America, 1790. See Fig. 437. (B. M. 1664; L. B. C. 1699.) S. v. flore-pleno is a pretty garden variety, with compact, double flowers. (R. G. 1092.) S. elongate is another form.
S. Wallacei (Wallace's), of gardens. A synonym of S. Camposii.