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Summer (Pod pubescent l leaflets)

Pod pubescent. l., leaflets elliptic-oblong, mucronate. Stem erect. h. 2ft. to 3ft. West and South Europe (Britain), North Asia. (J. F. A. 352; Sy. En. B. 381.) O. s. montana (mountain). fl. purplish-rose, on short spikes; keel longer than the vexillum. Summer. Pod denticulate at back. l. cuneate-lanceolate, mucronulate. Alps of Europe, 1817. A very pretty and rather decumbent-growing rock plant.

ONOCLEA (changed from the Greek name of a plant, Onokleion, or from onos, a vessel, and kleio, to close; alluding to the singularly rolled-up fructification). Including Struthiopteris. ORD. Filices. A small genus (three species) of hardy Ferns, inhabiting cold and temperate regions. Sori dorsal, globose, on the veins of the changed and contracted pinnae of the fertile fronds, and quite concealed by their revolute margins; involucre very thin, delicate-membranous, hemispherical or half cup-shaped, originating from the inferior side of the sorus, or wanting. The species thrive best in a good, strong, loamy soil, and are very suitable for the outdoor fernery. For general culture, see Ferns.

O. germanica (German).* Ostrich Fern. fronds broad-lanceolate, long-attenuated at the base; fertile pinnae short, much contracted, linear-terete, torulose, lobed and torn at the margin; involucre cup-shaped, very fragile, and soon obsolete. Northern hemisphere. A handsome species. SYNS. Struthiopteris germanica, S. pennsylvanica.

O. orientalis (Eastern). fronds ovateoblong, not attenuated at the base; fertile ones oblong, often 2ft. long, contracted; pinnae linear-oblong, flattened, two-edged, the broad, refracted margins covering the whole back, dark purple-brown, glossy, at length spreading, torn at the margin. Sikkim, Japan. SYN. Struthiopteris orientalis.

O. sensibilis (sensitive).* Rootstock extensively creeping. fertile fronds bipinnate; pinnules recurvate, globose. sterile fronds rising separately from the naked rootstock, long-stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lanceolateo-blong pinnae, which are entire or wavy-toothed; involucre a globose pellicle, bursting at the summit. North America, North Asia, 1799.

O. s. obtusilobata (obtuse-lobed). A rare abnormal form, in which the pinnae of some of the sterile fronds, becoming again pinnatifid, and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots without being much revolute, or losing their foliaceous character. Pennsylvania.

ONONIS (the old Greek name used by Theophrastus). Rest Harrow. ORD. Leguminosae. An extensive genus (about sixty species) of glabrous, pubescent, or villous, greenhouse or hardy, annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, sub-shrubs, or rarely shrubs, inhabiting Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, and extending to the Canary Islands. In the British Flora, the genus is represented by the variable O. spinosa, an under-shrub, and O. reclinata, a low-growing annual. Flowers pink, yellow, or white, in axillary, solitary, or two or three-flowered, racemose peduncles, or sessile. Pod oblong or linear, two-valved. Leaves usually pinnately trifoliolate; stipules adnate to the petioles. Several species are of easy culture in any ordinary garden soil, and are very suitable subjects for growing on banks and rockwork. Propagated by seeds, or by divisions. The species here described are those best known to cultivation.

O. arragonensis (Arragon).* fl. yellow, almost sessile, twin, disposed in a leafless raceme; calyx half as long as the corolla. May to July. l. trifoliolate, glabrous; leaflets roundish, serrated. h. 1ft. to 2ft. Spain, Arragon, &c., 1816. Half-hardy shrub.

O. fruticosa (shrubby). fl. purple; peduncles three-flowered, disposed in a raceme. Summer. l. trifoliolate; leaflets sessile, smooth, lanceolate, shining, unequally serrated. h. 1ft. to 2ft. South-western Europe, 1680. A handsome, low-growing, hardy shrub. (B. M. 317.) O. hispanica (Spanish). fl. yellow; pedicels one-flowered. July. l. trifoliolate; leaflets nearly round, undulate, toothed, clammy-pubescent; stipules spreading, deflexed. h. 1 1/2ft. Spain, 1799. Half-hardy shrub. (B. M. 2450.) O. minutissima (very small). fl. yellow, in leafy, aggregate spikes; corolla shorter than the calyx. June. l. trifoliolate; leaflets oblong, obovate-cuneate, serrated; stipules subulate, entire. h. 3in. South-west Europe, 1818. A somewhat tufted bardy biennial. (J. F. A. 240.) O. Natrix (goat-root).* fl. yellow, veined with red; pedicels one-flowered, each furnished with an awn. Summer. l. alternate, trifoliolate; leaflets oblong, serrated at the apex, the upper ones sometimes simple. h. 1 1/2ft. to 2ft. South Europe, 1683. Hardy perennial herb, clothed with a clammy pubescence. (B. M. 329.) O. peduncularis (peduncular). fl., petals white, with pink margins; peduncles thrice as long as the leaves, slender, glandular-pubescent. April. l. simple, obovate, dentate, pubescent, patent or recurved. h. 1ft. Teneriffe. 1829. Tender perennial herb. (B. R. 1447.) O. rotundifolia (round-leaved).* fl. rose; peduncles three-flowered, bractless. Summer. l. trifoliolate; leaflets obovate, roundish, toothed. h. 1ft. to 1 1/2ft. South Europe, 1570. A very handsome and most desirable, somewhat shrubby, hardy species. (B. M. 335.) O. viscosa (clammy). fl. yellow, the back of the standard striped with purple, numerously disposed in panicled spikes. Summer. l., lower ones trifoliolate, upper ones simple. h. 1 1/2ft. to 3ft. South Europe, 1759. A handsome, hardy annual. (S. F. G. 678.) ONOPORDON (the old Greek name, said by Pliny to be derived from onos, an ass, and pordon, crepitus; on account of its effect upon the asses who eat it). Sometimes spelt Onopordum. Cotton Thistle. ORD. Compositae. A genus comprising about a dozen species of hardy annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, sometimes tall and branched, with decurrent, winged stems, sometimes almost stemless. They are natives of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. Flower-heads purplish, violet, or white, large; involucre globose or broad; receptacle flat, fleshy; achenes glabrous. Leaves radical or alternate, pinnatifid or sinuate-toothed. Two or three species of this genus are grown for their stately habit, and large and showy flowers. They will generally thrive in almost any ordinary garden soil, and are more especially adapted for the rougher parts of the subtropical garden. Seeds should be sown, in moderately good and well-drained soil, in early spring.

O. Acanthium (Acanthium).* Common Cotton Thistle. fl.-heads purple, large; scales of the calyx subulate, spreading in every direction. July. l. oblong, inclining to ovate, woolly on both sides. Stem branched, woolly. h. 4ft. to 5ft. Europe (Britain), Siberia. A very handsome perennial, with a bold habit and vigorous growth. (F. D. 909; Sy. En. B. 680.) O. arabicum (Arabian). fl.-heads purple. l. having both sides covered with a white down. Stem also woolly, slightly branching, erect. h. 8ft. South Europe, 1686. Biennial. (B. M. 3299.) O. elongatum (elongated). A synonym of O. illyricum. O. illyricum (Illyrian). fl.-heads purple. July. l. decurrent, narrow-oblong-lanceolate, spiny-toothed, uppermost ones very short. h. 6ft. South Europe, 1640. A fine biennial species, with the general appearance of O. Acanthium, but having greener, more deeply-cut, and more spiny leaves, stiffer stem, and a more branching habit. SYN. O. elongatum. O. macracanthum (long-spined). fl.-heads purple; involucre somewhat tomentose. July. l. decurrent, narrow-oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, spiny-toothed, glabrous above, cobwebby beneath. Stem erect, branched at apex, cobwebby. h. 6ft. Barbary, 1798. Annual. (S. F. G. 832.) ONOSERIS (from onos, an ass, and Seris, Endive; a salad for asses). Including Centroclinium and Chaetachlaena. ORD. Compositae. A genus comprising about a dozen species of stove, greenhouse, or hardy, annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs, of variable habit, natives of the Andes or extra-tropical South America, one being Brazilian. Flower-heads purple, pink, or white, large, solitary or paniculate, on long peduncles or scapes; involucre hemispherical or turbinate; receptacle naked or pilose-fibrillose. Leaves radical or alternate, white-tomentose beneath. The species succeed in a light vegetable soil. Propagation is effected by means of seeds. Probably the species here described are the only ones yet introduced to cultivation. O. adpressa (adpressed). fl.-heads large, fragrant; ray and disk similar to those of O. reflexa. June to December. l. numerous, spreading, reflexed, 3in. or more long, lanceolate, waved, and nearly entire, pure white and cottony beneath. Stem shrubby, 1ft. to 2ft. high; branches white, woolly. Peru, 1830. Stove shrub. (B. M. 3115, under name of Centroclinium adpressum.) O. Drakeana (Drake's).* fl.-heads bright purple, long-stalked. l. cordate-ovate, petiolate, white-tomentose beneath. New Grenada, 1883. Greenhouse, shrubby perennial. (R. H. 1883, 180.) O. reflexa (reflexed). fl.-heads large, handsome, fragrant; ray-florets nine to twelve, rose-purple, two-lipped, three-toothed; disk deep yellow, very prominent; peduncles solitary. Late autumn. l. spreading, 2in. to 3in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, coarsely toothed, gradually tapering to a petiole, woolly beneath. h. 1 1/2ft. to 2ft. Peru, 1830. Stove annual. (B. M. 3114, under name of Centroclinium reflexum.) ONOSMA (from onos, an ass, and osme, smell; said to be grateful to that animal). Golden Drop. Including Maharanga. ORD. Boragineae. A rather large genus (about seventy species, of which, probably, not more than four have been introduced) of hardy, hairy or villous, annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, or sub-shrubs, inhabiting South Europe, North Africa, and West and Central Asia. Flowers yellow, rarely white or purplish, pedicellate or sub-sessile, in simple unilateral racemes or branched cymes; corolla tubular, five-lobed. Leaves alternate. The species thrive in a good deep soil, preferably sandy loam. O. stellulatum, and its variety tauricum, are the best; they should be grown in a well-drained, sunny part of the rockery. Of the perennial species, cuttings should be taken during summer; they may be rooted quickly, if placed in a close frame, and kept shaded for ten or twelve days; water should be given carefully, or the hairy leaves will rot off. The young stock should be well rooted and hardened off before the cold weather sets in. O. echioides requires similar treatment to the foregoing, but, being a biennial, it must be raised from seed each year. The annuals must be sown, in the open border, in April.

O. echioides (Echium-like). fl. pale yellow, drooping, pedicellate, in terminal, conjugate racemes. May. l. spathulate-lanceolate; floral ones, or bracts, ovate-cordate. Stem much branched. h. 1ft. to 1 1/2ft. South Europe, 1683. Tubercularly hispid or strigose, biennial herb. (S. F. G. 172.) O. simplicissimum (very simple). fl. pale yellow, in few-flowered, terminal racemes; corolla ventricose, inflated at apex, three times as long as the calyx. April. l. sessile, linear, slightly acute, somewhat silky-canescent beneath. Stem erect, very simple. h. 1ft. Siberia, 1768. Perennial herb. (B. M. 2248.) O. stellulatum (small star-like). fl., corolla white, yellow, or citron colour, two or three times longer than the calyx. April. l. straight, linear-oblong, flat, or with revolute margins; radical and lower ones sub-spathulate, obtuse; upper ones lanceolate, acute, sometimes semi-amplexicaul. h. 6in. Macedonia, &c., 1819. Plant suffrutescent at base. O. s. tauricum (Taurian).* fl. yellow, about 1 1/2in. long, disposed in branched, secund heads. Summer. l. linear-lanceolate, acute, hispid, with revolute edges. Stems branched. h. 6in. to 8in. Caucasus, 1801. Perennial. (B. M. 889.) ONOSMODIUM (so called from its similarity to Onosma). SYNS. Osmodium, Purshia (of Sprengel). ORD. Boragineae. A small genus (about six species) of hardy, erect, herbaceous perennials, closely allied to Onosma, natives of North America and Mexico. Flowers white, greenish, or yellowish, sub-sessile, in terminal, scorpioid cymes or racemes; corolla tubular, with five erect or connivent lobes. Leaves alternate. The two species here described are the only ones yet introduced. For culture, see Onosma.

O. carolinianum (Carolinian). fl. yellowish-white, nearly sessile; racemes short, revolute, terminal, drooping. Summer. l. ovate-lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute. h. 1ft. United States, 1759. O. virginianum (Virginian). fl. yellowish, often paniculate. Summer. l. narrowly oblong, or somewhat lanceolate, obtuse, three to five-ribbed. h. 1ft. United States, 1812. Plant clothed with short, appressed, bristly hairs. ONYCHIUM (from onyx, onychos, a claw; referring to the shape of the lobes of the fronds). ORD. Filices. A small genus (four species) of very beautiful, stove or nearly hardy Ferns, natives of Arabia, India, Cuba, Japan, &c. Sori placed upon a continuous linear receptacle, which connects the apices of several veins; involucre parallel with the margin of the segments, linear, opposite, pressed down over the sori, the edge nearly or quite reaching the midrib. Only two species have been introduced; both thrive in a compost of peat, loam, and sand. For general culture, see Ferns. O. auratum (golden).* sti. 6in. to 12in. long, stout, erect, naked. fronds 1ft. or more long, 6in. broad, ovate, quadripinnatifid; lower pinnae 4in. to 6in. long, sub-deltoid, erecto-patent; pinnules and segments numerous, usually deltoid; ultimate divisions of the sterile frond often obovate-cuneate, trifid at the apex, not more than one line long, coriaceous in texture; those of the fertile frond pod-like. Rachis and both surfaces naked; the membranous involucres and copious sori a rich golden-yellow. Himalayas. Stove. O. capense (Cape). A garden synonym of O. japonicum. O. japonicum (Japanese).* sti. 6in. to 12in. long, stout, erect, naked. fronds 1ft. or more long, 6in. broad, ovate, quadripinnatifid; lower pinnae 4in. to 6in. long, lanceolate-deltoid; pinnules and segments numerous, usually deltoid, the copious, linear-mucronate, ultimate divisions one and a-half to two lines long, nearly uniform in the barren and fertile fronds. sori brown. Japan, China, &c. Greenhouse or nearly hardy. SYNS. O. capense, O. lucidum. O. lucidum (shining). A synonym of O. japonicum.

OPERCULARIA (from operculum, a lid; referring to the shape of the calyx). ORD. Rubiaceae. A genus comprising fourteen species of Australian greenhouse herbs or sub-shrubs, sometimes twining, glabrous or hispid-pilose, often foetid. Flower-heads white, small, terminal, or rising from the forks of the branches, involucrate; peduncles erect or recurved. Leaves opposite, linear or oblong; stipules connate with the petioles. The species (of which two only are seen in cultivation) thrive in a compost of sandy loam, a little fibry peat, dried pieces of leaf mould, and a few pieces of charcoal. Propagation may be effected by seeds, sown in spring, on a mild hotbed; by cuttings of young shoots, several inches long; or by division, as growth commences. O. aspera (rough). fl.-heads globular, compound, on short, recurved peduncles. June. l. shortly petiolate, ovate or lanceolate, scabrous above, glabrous or pubescent beneath, mostly 1/2in. to 1 1/2in. long, variable. h. 1ft. 1790. Sub-shrub. SYN. O. ocymifolia.

O. hispida (hispid). fl.-heads on short, recurved peduncles, smaller than in O. aspera. July. l. petiolate, ovate or lanceolate, either very hirsute and scarcely scabrous, or very scabrous, mostly about 1/2in. long. h. 1ft. 1790. Sub-shrub.

O. ocymifolia (Basil-leaved). A synonym of O. aspera.